Despite being located at the crossroads of Asia, genetics of the Afghanistan populations have been largely overlooked. It is currently inhabited by five major ethnic populations: Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek and Turkmen. Here we present autosomal from a subset of our samples, mitochondrial and Y- chromosome data from over 500 Afghan samples among these 5 ethnic groups. This Afghan data was supplemented with the same Y-chromosome analyses of samples from Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and updated Pakistani samples (HGDP-CEPH). The data presented here was integrated into existing knowledge of pan-Eurasian genetic diversity. The pattern of genetic variation, revealed by structure-like and Principal Component analyses and Analysis of Molecular Variance indicates that the people of Afghanistan are made up of a mosaic of components representing various geographic regions of Eurasian ancestry. The absence of a major Central Asian-specific component indicates that the Hindu Kush, like the gene pool of Central Asian populations in general, is a confluence of gene flows rather than a source of distinctly autochthonous populations that have arisen in situ: a conclusion that is reinforced by the phylogeography of both haploid loci.
Die tetragonalen Bis(‐tetramethylammonium)‐Alkali‐Hexacyanometallate [N(CH3)4]2KMn(CN)6 (a = 884.8(2), c = 1222,2(6) pm) und [N(CH3)4]2RbCo(CN)6 (a = 884,7(1), c = 1233,1(2) pm) wurden in Form von Einkristallen dargestellt und röntgenographisch ihre Strukturen bestimmt (wR = 0,050 bzw. 0,047 für 486 bzw. 463 unabhängige Reflexe; Raumgruppe 14/m, Z = 2). Die mittleren Abstände in der resultierenden Elpasolithstruktur, die durch geringe ferrorotative Drehung der [M(CN)6]3−‐Oktaeder nur wenig tetragonal verzerrt ist (MnC = 201,8, CN = 115,6, KN = 307,1 pm bzw. CoC = 190,7, CN = 114,8, RbN = 320,1 pm), erscheinen leicht vergrößert im Vergleich zu Werten die in verwandten Cyanokomplexen beobachtet wurden. Gründe dafür werden im Rahmen einer Toleranzfaktorbetrachtung für Cyano‐Elpasolithe diskutiert.
The crystal structures of three isotypic hexacyanometallates(III) (NMe4)2LiM(CN)6·2H2O have been determined and refined in the monoclinic space group C2/c, Z = 4, to wR = 0.053 (M = Mn, 959 independent single crystal reflections), 0.041 (M =Fe, 2002 reflections) and 0.037 (M = Co, 1881 reflections). The stucture is elpasolite-related by its face-centered pseudocubic arrangement of M atoms within nearly undistorted M(CN)63- octahedra, six of which form strongly distorted octahedral N6 cavities occupied by dihydrated lithium ions. The resulting average distances for the M(CN)63- octahedra are Mn-C = 201, Fe-C = 194.7, Co-C = 190.3, and C-N = 114 pm. The lithium coordination is distorted tetrahedral, consisting of LiO2N2 units with distances of about Li-O = 194, Li -N = 209 pm (for M = Fe, Co). The remaining four N atoms of the N6 cavity are bound by hydrogen bridges from the two aqua ligands, O-H···N = 283 and 295 pm. The relations to the hydrated elpasolite structure of (NMe4)2NaFe(CN)6·H2O are discussed.
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