Dental students in our study had neither particularly positive, or negative attitudes towards people with disabilities. There was no statistically significant difference in student attitudes before and after the educational intervention. This study, therefore, shows that a comprehensive undergraduate blended learning module, which aimed to improve attitudes towards people with disabilities, did not do so, using the described measures within the selected timeframe.
Two previous articles report the successful treatment of chronic blushing (Salter, 1952, Case 10; Gibbs, 1965). Both cases employed techniques which were designed to increase the patient's self-assertiveness. As an adjunct to his therapy, Salter instructed his patient in the use of paradoxical intention to diminish blushing behaviour. This technique derives from Dunlap's (1932) beta hypothesis on learning which states that “the occurence of a response lessens the probability that on the recurrence of the same stimulus pattern, the same response will recur” (page 78). The present case describes the treatment of blushing with paradoxical intention alone.
The literature on pre-morbid aspects of cancer is extensive and varied. However, early observations relating psychological factors and the onset of disease have not be~n clearly supported by later systematic studies in the area of life events and the assessment of personality. This lack of support may be related more to methodological difficulties in the later studies than to faulty observation in the earlier reports. Further research in this area requires carefully designed prospective studies in order to avoid the difficulties associated with cross-sectional and retrospective methodologies .
IntroductionThe idea that cancer might be in some way related to psychological factors is nearly as old as medicine itself. Galen's treatise on tumors De Tumoribus claimed that melancholic women were more prone to cancer than those of sanguine temperament (Heuper, 1942). Ray and Baum (1985) reponed that special diets were formulated in the Dark Ages which were designed to prevent the accumulation of black bile. Black bile was considered to be at the root of the melancholia which Galen identified as predisposing women to cancer.This early sensitivity to the relationship between mind (in the form of pcrsonality factors) and body (in the form of neoplastic discase) has survived the dcmise of humoral theory within the framework of which it was conceived and it appears again in the writings of Gendron, an eighteenth century English physician. Gendron (1701) stressed "Disasters of Life, as occasion much trouble and grief' as important factors in cancer. One of his cases makes the point. This concerned a Mrs. Emerson who developed a breast cancer shortly after the dcath of hcr daughter, having previously always enjoyed good health. Latcr in thc same century, Guy (1759) linkcd "hysteric and nervous complaints ... thc dull and heavy phlegmatic and melancholic disposition (and) disasters in lifc" in the aetiology of cancers in women, therehy intcgr.lting
The paper makes a chronological review of the literature in the area of psychological intervention with cancer patients, focussing particularly on breast cancer as this is the disease which has attracted most attention from mental health profesionals. Initially, surveys which identify psychological distress in cancer patients are reviewed, as it is felt that these may have contributed the impetus for intervention. In the second half of the paper, interventions are classified and reviewed.
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