With empirical research on team resilience on the rise, there is a need for an integrative conceptual model that delineates the essential elements of this concept and offers a heuristic for the integration of findings across studies. To address this need, we propose a multilevel model of team resilience that originates in the resources of individual team members and emerges as a team-level construct through dynamic person-situation interactions that are triggered by adverse events. In so doing, we define team resilience as an emergent outcome characterized by the trajectory of a team's functioning, following adversity exposure, as one that is largely unaffected or returns to normal levels after some degree of deterioration in functioning. This conceptual model offers a departure point for future work on team resilience and reinforces the need to incorporate inputs and process mechanisms inherent within dynamic interactions among individual members of a team. Of particular, importance is the examination of these inputs, process mechanisms and emergent states, and outcomes over time, and in the context of task demands, objectives, and adverse events. Practitioner pointsTeam resilience as a dynamic, multilevel phenomenon requires clarity on the individual-and team-level factors that foster its emergence within occupational and organizational settings. An understanding of the nature (e.g., timing, chronicity) of adverse events is key to studying and intervening to foster team resilience within occupational and organizational settings.

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Football players adapt their movements to opportunities within the surrounding environment by engaging in Visual Exploratory Activity (VEA) to pickup information. This study adds to the extant literature by using a six-week PETTLEP imagery intervention to train VEA and improve performance with the ball. A single-case, multiple-baseline across participants' design was conducted with five elite academy football players. Results indicated that a PETTLEP imagery intervention improved VEA, particularly in center midfielders. Additionally, indications of improvements in performance with the ball were present within some participants. Future researchers could examine the processes underpinning VEA to enhance applied interventions for this skill.

This study extends recent coach stress research by evaluating how coaches perceive their stress experiences to affect athletes, and the broader coach-athlete relationship. A total of 12 coaches working across a range of team sports at the elite level took part in semi-structured interviews to investigate the 3 study aims: how they perceive athletes to detect signals of coach stress; how they perceive their stress experiences to affect athletes; and, how effective they perceive themselves to be when experiencing stress. Following content analysis, data suggested that coaches perceived athletes able to detect when they were experiencing stress typically via communication, behavioural, and stylistic cues. Although coaches perceived their stress to have some positive effects on athletes, the overwhelming effects were negative and affected "performance and development", "psychological and emotional", and "behavioural and interaction" factors. Coaches also perceived themselves to be less effective when stressed, and this was reflected in their perceptions of competence, self-awareness, and coaching quality. An impactful finding is that coaches are aware of how a range of stress responses are expressed by themselves, and to how they affect athletes, and their coaching quality. Altogether, findings support the emerging view that coach stress affects their own, and athlete performance.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a conceptual replication of past work on the association between mental toughness and behavioral perseverance across multiple tasks over an extended period of time. We used a cross-sectional design including assessments of mental toughness and accumulated stress (hair cortisol concentration) prior to a Special Forces selection course spanning 3 weeks in duration. Participants self-reported their mental toughness and provided a sample of hair (1.5 cm) to capture accumulated stress over the 6 weeks prior to taking part in the selection course. A total of 122 military personnel provided complete data, of which 26 candidates (∼21%) passed the selection course. Bayesian structural equation modeling incorporating prior beliefs informed by past empirical work supported the hypothesis, whereby for a 1-unit increase in mental toughness, we would expect to see roughly a 68% increase in the odds of selection. These findings add to the growing body of research that has provided evidence for the salience of mental toughness for behavioral perseverance in tasks and activities of an enduring and demanding nature.

A multidirectional model of cognitive development is proposed according to which development can proceed in different directions in different socio-cultural contexts but can nevertheless be characterized as progressive within each context. Following an interpretation of Piagetian theory that stresses the equilibration theory more than the structural-stage theory, developmental ‘progress’ is defined retrospectively in terms of the increasing developmental distance away from an initial state-of-reference rather than ideologically in terms of the decreasing distance toward a predetermined end state. The model is illustrated in relation to the contextuality of formal operational thinking (viewed as embedded in a literate culture) and in connection with the development of aesthetic versus theoretic forms of knowing (as a characteristic difference between Eastern and Western cultures).

Purpose. The iPro Cube is a small portable point-of-care device designed to analyse salivary markers of stress in a user-friendly manner (e.g., fast, convenient). Our aim was to test the reliability and validity of the iPro Cube to measure salivary cortisol and α-amylase as compared to the common laboratory standard method (ELISA immunoassay) prior to and after moderate intensity exercise. Methods. The study was a repeated measures, pre-registered design, and statistical framework that incorporated prior knowledge directly into the estimation process. Twenty-nine individuals (age = 27.4 ± 6.6 y; body-mass = 70.8 ± 11.3 kg; height = 1.74 ± 0.92 m; 18 males) completed a single PWC 75%HRmax , with repeated measures of salivary cortisol and ÉŚ-amylase pre, immediately post, and 30 min post-exercise. Results. Correlation between the iPro Cube and laboratory-based assessments of salivary cortisol was moderate-to-large (0.53 > r < 0.81) across all three testing points. In contrast, correlation between the iPro Cube and laboratory-based assessments of ÉŚ-amylase was small-to-moderate (0.25 > r < 0.46). We found a large correlation between duplicate samples of iPro Cube cortisol assessment (0.75 > r < 0.82), and a moderate-to-large correlation for ÉŚ-amylase (0.51> r < 0.77). Conclusions. The iPro Cube is capable of taking measures of salivary cortisol that are moderately correlated to values obtained via ELISA immunoassay, however the unit underestimates salivary cortisol and overestimates salivary ÉŚ-amylase at rest and post-moderate intensity exercise. It is recommended that researchers continue using standard laboratory techniques to assess these salivary stress markers.How to cite this article Ducker KJ, Lines RLJ, Chapman MT, Peeling P, McKay AKA, Gucciardi DF. 2020. Validity and reliability evidence of a point of care assessment of salivary cortisol and α-amylase: a pre-registered study. PeerJ 8:e8366 http://doi.