Humans clapping together in unison is a familiar and robust example of emergent synchrony. We find that in experiments, such groups (from two to a few hundred) always increase clapping frequency, and larger groups increase more quickly. Based on single-person experiments and modeling, an individual tendency to rush is ruled out as an explanation. Instead, an asymmetric sensitivity in aural interactions explains the frequency increase, whereby individuals correct more strongly to match neighbour claps that precede their own clap, than those that follow it. A simple conceptual coupled oscillator model based on this interaction recovers the main features observed in experiments, and shows that the collective frequency increase is driven by the small timing errors in individuals, and the resulting inter-individual interactions that occur to maintain unison.
With an inversion center at the mid-point of the two ReIII atoms, the title compound, [Re2Cl2{O2C(CH2)2CH3}4], exhibits a paddle-wheel or lantern-type structure with four n-butyrate groups bridging two ReIII atoms in a syn–syn fashion. The axial chloride ligands together with the Re—Re quadruple bond [2.2330 (3) Å] complete an essentially octahedral geometry around each ReIII atom. There is little distortion, with an Re—Re—Cl bond angle of 176.18 (3)° and typical cis-O—Re—O bond angles ranging from 89.39 (11) to 90.68 (11)°. There are two molecules in the unit cell, and no significant intermolecular interactions were noticed between molecules in the crystal.
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