Our study suggests that the Society for Fetal Urology grading system has good intrarater but modest interrater reliability. Individual rater interpretations of the grading system may explain the modest interrater agreement. Proposed modifications to the Society for Fetal Urology classification system, such as distinguishing between diffuse and segmental cortical thinning, may improve reliability.

Only cystatin C served as a suitable marker to estimate glomerular filtration rate in patients with spina bifida. Cystatin C proved to be a superior marker in patients with spina bifida. In the control group the Schwartz formula was comparable to cystatin C and beta-trace protein, although cystatin C remained superior.

Recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction is unlikely after unobstructed postoperative diuretic renogram and does not warrant long term followup. Ideal followup would extend to 2 years, covering the period when an initial symptom of recurrence is most likely to present and enabling baseline unobstructed renal ultrasound to be performed.

No abstract

Both techniques have a fairly high success rate but 2-stage Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy appears to carry a higher rate of success than the single stage approach (85% vs 80%, OR 2 in favor of 2-stage). Laparoscopic and open techniques had the same success rate. However, the level of evidence of the studies was low, and a study of a more robust design, such as a randomized controlled trial, should be performed.

No abstract

Based on this review, biofeedback is an effective, non-invasive method of treating dysfunctional elimination syndrome, and approximately 80% of children benefited from this treatment. However, most reports were of low level of evidence and studies of more solid design such as RCT should be conducted.

The contribution of hyperprolactinemia to erectile disorders has not been clarified. Modest elevations of serum prolactin occur after administration of drugs that by themselves affect erectile function. Prolactinomas produce marked elevations of the hormone and invariably are accompanied by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Among 1,236 consecutive impotent patients investigated at our center 5.3% had serum levels of prolactin greater than normal. Only 34 of the 66 hyperprolactinemic patients were available for analysis. The etiology of the hyperprolactinemia in this group was pituitary adenoma in 14.7%, drug-induced in 29%, chronic renal failure in 6%, laboratory error in 2.9% and idiopathic in 47.1%. Medical management has a high degree of success but simply lowering the levels of prolactin is not invariably accompanied by restoration of function.