Our study suggests that the Society for Fetal Urology grading system has good intrarater but modest interrater reliability. Individual rater interpretations of the grading system may explain the modest interrater agreement. Proposed modifications to the Society for Fetal Urology classification system, such as distinguishing between diffuse and segmental cortical thinning, may improve reliability.

The clinical and radiologic results obtained by the one-stage procedure were far better than doing VDRO alone justifying a more extensive approach. Consideration should be given to performing the combined procedure in cerebral palsy patients with hip subluxation or dislocation.

Idiopathic neonatal priapism is a rare and poorly understood phenomenon. The case of an otherwise healthy premature male newborn who was noted to have a persistent penile erection on the first day of life is presented. A Doppler ultrasound of the penis was performed, along with the first-ever cavernous blood gas analysis reported in a newborn. These investigations indicated that the presentation was consistent with nonischemic (arterial or high-flow) priapism. The patient was managed conservatively and the erection resolved fully on the sixth day of life. A review of the existing literature identified polycythemia as the most common identifiable cause of priapism in newborns, but the majority of cases are idiopathic. In most instances, observation alone is appropriate and spontaneous detumescence occurs. There are no published reports of erectile impairment following neonatal priapism, which suggests that this condition is relatively benign in the absence of other disease states.

Both techniques have a fairly high success rate but 2-stage Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy appears to carry a higher rate of success than the single stage approach (85% vs 80%, OR 2 in favor of 2-stage). Laparoscopic and open techniques had the same success rate. However, the level of evidence of the studies was low, and a study of a more robust design, such as a randomized controlled trial, should be performed.

Based on this review, biofeedback is an effective, non-invasive method of treating dysfunctional elimination syndrome, and approximately 80% of children benefited from this treatment. However, most reports were of low level of evidence and studies of more solid design such as RCT should be conducted.

In 1948, Professor Ignacio Ponseti began a nonoperative management form of treatment for severe talipes equinovarus. This method of manipulative treatment became attractive because long-term outcomes demonstrated the majority of feet were pain-free, plantigrade, and functioning at a high level of activity without evidence of degenerative arthrosis. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 51 children (31 boys and 20 girls; 72 feet) with idiopathic clubfeet deformity treated with the Ponseti method

Our results suggest that tethered cord release is beneficial in terms of clinical and urodynamic outcomes. Patients with abnormal urodynamics had 48% improvement after tethered cord release. Neurogenic detrusor overactivity seems to respond better with 59% improvement in urodynamics. The level of the conus on magnetic resonance imaging did not seem to be predictive of urodynamic outcome. Patients with a normal bladder may show urodynamic deterioration postoperatively, which raises cause for concern.

Adjunctive intravesical oxybutynin therapy increased mean maximum bladder capacity and decreased bladder pressure in children with neurogenic bladder. However, identified studies offered a low level of evidence, with most being poorly reported retrospective case series with potential biases. Although the incidence of side effects was lower with the intravesical route, side effects are still possible and should be discussed with patients and families. The evidence available is insufficient to recommend this therapy. Research of more sound study design such as a randomized controlled trial should be conducted to assess the efficacy and side effects of intravesical oxybutynin in children.