We report the discovery of a H r = 3.4 ± 0.1 dwarf planet candidate by the Pan-STARRS Outer Solar System Survey. 2010 JO 179 is red with (g − r) = 0.88 ± 0.21, roughly round, and slowly rotating, with a period of 30.6 hr. Estimates of its albedo imply a diameter of 600-900 km. Observations sampling the span between 2005-2016 provide an exceptionally well-determined orbit for 2010 JO 179 , with a semi-major axis of 78.307 ± 0.009 au; distant orbits known to this precision are rare. We find that 2010 JO 179 librates securely within the 21:5 mean-motion resonance with Neptune on hundred-megayear time scales, joining the small but growing set of known distant dwarf planets on metastable resonant orbits. These imply a substantial trans-Neptunian population that shifts between stability in high-order resonances, the detached population, and the eroding population of the scattering disk.

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Abstract. The objective of Java Cards is to protect security-critical code and data against a hostile environment. Adversaries perform fault attacks on these cards to change the control and data flow of the Java Card Virtual Machine. These attacks confuse the Java type system, jump to forbidden code or remove run-time security checks. This work introduces a novel security layer for a defensive Java Card Virtual Machine to counteract fault attacks. The advantages of this layer from the security and design perspectives of the virtual machine are demonstrated. In a case study, we demonstrate three implementations of the abstraction layer running on a Java Card prototype. Two implementations use software checks that are optimized for either memory consumption or execution speed. The third implementation accelerates the run-time verification process by using the dedicated hardware protection units of the Java Card.

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Java enabled smart cards protect security-related code and data by a sandbox concept. Unfortunately, this sandbox can be bypassed by fault attacks. Therefore, there is a substantial need for transparent, effective, and low-overhead countermeasures. This work demonstrates a new countermeasure against type confusion and buffer overflow attacks. This new countermeasure is based on obfuscating the security critical calculation parts of a virtual machine by secret keys. This countermeasure was integrated into a Java Card virtual machine running on a smart card prototype. New hardware features were added to this prototype to accelerate the obfuscating operation. The execution time overhead of the new countermeasure is demonstrated by performing run-time measurements on the prototype.

Several logical attacks against Java based smart card have been published recently. Most of them are based on the hypothesis that the type verification was not performed, thus allowing to obtain dynamically a type confusion. To mitigate such attacks, typed stack have been introduced on recent smart card. We propose here a new attack path for performing a type confusion even in presence of a typed stack. Then we propose using a Fault Tree Analysis a way to design efficiently counter measure in a top down approach. These counter measures are then evaluated on a Java Card virtual machine