Epigenetic processes are primary candidates when searching for mechanisms that can stably modulate gene expression and metabolic pathways according to early life conditions. To test the effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the epigenome of the next generation, cord blood and placenta tissue were obtained from 88 newborns of mothers with dietetically treated GDM, 98 with insulin-dependent GDM, and 65 without GDM. Bisulfite pyrosequencing was used to compare the methylation levels of seven imprinted genes involved in prenatal and postnatal growth, four genes involved in energy metabolism, one anti-inflammatory gene, one tumor suppressor gene, one pluripotency gene, and two repetitive DNA families. The maternally imprinted MEST gene, the nonimprinted glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 gene, and interspersed ALU repeats showed significantly decreased methylation levels (4–7 percentage points for MEST, 1–2 for NR3C1, and one for ALUs) in both GDM groups, compared with controls, in both analyzed tissues. Significantly decreased blood MEST methylation (3 percentage points) also was observed in adults with morbid obesity compared with normal-weight controls. Our results support the idea that intrauterine exposure to GDM has long-lasting effects on the epigenome of the offspring. Specifically, epigenetic malprogramming of MEST may contribute to obesity predisposition throughout life.

In order to understand the kinetics, timing and persistence of SARS-CoV2 neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) we used a surrogate viral neutralization test to evaluate their levels in patients with varying severity of illness, in those with prolonged shedding and those with mild/asymptomatic illness at various time points. Patients with severe or moderate COVID-19 illness had earlier appearance of Nabs at higher levels compared to those with mild or asymptomatic illness. Furthermore, those who had prolonged shedding of the virus, had Nabs appearing faster and at higher levels than those who cleared the virus earlier. Although all individuals appeared to be antibody positive by end of week 5, the positivity rates declined thereafter, especially in those who had mild or asymptomatic illness.

We discovered that values for 2 out of 79 antibodies have unfortunately been wrongly reported. For antibody FnC1t1p2_A5, the IC 100 is 50 mg/mL instead of 16 mg/mL; for antibody CnC2t1p1_B10, the IC 100 is >100 mg/mL instead of 12.5 mg/mL. For the latter antibody, binding characteristics were also corrected. As a consequence, the total number of neutralizing antibodies reported is 27 instead of 28. Changes affect Figures 3, 4, S3, S4, and S5, Tables S3 and S4, and text on pages 1, 3, 5, and 7. Importantly, the corrections have no impact on the conclusions in this paper. We apologize for any inconvenience that may have been caused by this error.

Suture repair was safe for small incisional hernias. Both autoplastic and alloplastic hernia repair yielded comparably low recurrence rates, but led to a high rate of wound infection.

38The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has unprecedented implications for public health, social 39 life, and world economy. Since approved drugs and vaccines are not available, new 40 options for COVID-19 treatment and prevention are highly demanded. To identify 41 SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, we analysed the antibody response of 12 42 COVID-19 patients from 8 to 69 days post diagnosis. By screening 4,313 SARS-43CoV-2-reactive B cells, we isolated 255 antibodies from different time points as early 44 as 8 days post diagnosis. Among these, 28 potently neutralized authentic SARS-45CoV-2 (IC 100 as low as 0.04 µg/ml), showing a broad spectrum of V genes and low 46 levels of somatic mutations. Interestingly, potential precursors were identified in 47 naïve B cell repertoires from 48 healthy individuals that were sampled before the 48 COVID-19 pandemic. Our results demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing 49 antibodies are readily generated from a diverse pool of precursors, fostering the hope 50 of rapid induction of a protective immune response upon vaccination. 51 52

The management of incisional hernia is currently not standardised. In order to answer relevant questions of incisional hernia surgery, an international hernia register should be established.

This and other studies found hernia recurrence to be more likely in obese patients. Probably, such patients, therefore, should receive mesh rather than suture repair.

The widely used Mayo procedure leads to unacceptable results for repair of incisional hernias and other techniques should be evaluated and used more often. Repair of an incisional hernia does not improve overall quality of life.