Although existing literature in organized youth sport illuminates developmentally appropriate parent involvement behaviors, practitioners have yet to effectively disseminate evidence-based tools and strategies to parents. The purpose of the present pilot study was to design, implement, and assess an evidence-based education program for parents in organized youth sport. 39 fathers and 42 mothers from seven youth soccer teams were assigned to full-, partial-, or nonimplementation conditions. Parents and their sport-participating children (41 boys and 40 girls)were administered surveys at pre and postseason. Data reveal a positive impact of the implementation on aspects of parent involvement, the parent-child relationship, and salient child outcomes.
The aim of the present paper was to outline a heuristic model that facilitates movement toward an integrated understanding of the youth sport system. We define the youth sport system as the set of interdependent persons and contexts that influence and are influenced by an athlete in youth sport. Our model builds directly from a systems perspective, and its tenets of holism, feedback loops, and roles (Broderick, 1993;von Bertalanffy, 1972). Specifically, we argue that the persons and contexts that surround an athlete in youth sport should be examined collectively, self-correct over time, and take on certain functions that are negotiated over time. The model extends past contributions toward integration (e.g., García Bengoechea, 2002) by outlining how proximal and distal processes within youth sport can be studied in a more unified way. Looking forward, research designed to capture the nuanced ways persons and contexts influence and are influenced by one another in youth sport will be best positioned to impact theory and practice in meaningful ways.
Short-term exposure to altered sensory input or destabilizing platform movement results in significant improvement in sway control and inhibition of inappropriate motor responses, resulting in improved balance during repetitive testing. In addition, there is recent evidence that strength and function can be increased in both active and frail elderly who participate in strength training programs. Therefore, the hypotheses to be tested are that (1) balance training alone, or (2) strength training alone will each be capable of significantly improving balance, gait, and functional mobility, and that (3) a combined program of balance and strength training will be more effective than either approach alone. These hypotheses will be tested relative to a control group, using a 2 x 2 design (30 subjects per group), in a community-dwelling elderly at least 75 years of age. Intervention sessions of at least 45 minutes will occur three times per week for 3 months, with 6 months of follow-up, home-based Tai Chi training. The primary outcome variable is a basic measure of functional balance, ie, the occurrence of loss of balance during tilts of the support and/or movement of the visual surround.
Ninety percent of American youth participate in some form of organized youth sport between the ages of 5 and 18. Parent involvement in this context has recently been characterized as a potentially harmful force in parent–child relations, leading to debate regarding the appropriateness and level of parent involvement in organized youth sport. Despite the rising costs associated with youth sport participation, little empirical effort has been made to examine the potential impact of family financial investment on parent involvement and children's subsequent sport outcomes. The purpose of this study was to address how family financial investment in youth sport influences children's perceptions of parent pressure, sport enjoyment, and commitment to continued participation. Data from a national sample of 163 parent–child dyads illuminated an inverse association between family financial investment and child sport commitment, mediated by children's perceptions of parent pressure and sport enjoyment. The results indicated that family financial investment predicts child commitment through the sequential mediators of perceived parent pressure and child enjoyment. These findings draw attention to many avenues for future research on the potential link among family investment decisions, parent involvement behaviors, and child outcomes in organized youth sport, which may collectively inform the development of parent interventions for youth sport leagues, administrators, and parents.
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