Training Balance and Strength in the Elderly to Improve Function

Wolfson, Leslie; Whipple, Robert; Judge, James O.; Amerman, Paula; Derby, Carol A.; King, Michael

doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1993.tb06716.x

Cited by 105 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…24,32,33 Furthermore, our balance training program included exercises that closely mimicked reaching in standing tasks, thereby providing muscle activation associated with functional challenge of maintaining balance. 24,[34][35][36] We, therefore, suggest that the improved function during dynamic tasks might be at least partially attributed to enhancements of the muscle properties.…”

Section: Potential Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Positive effect of balance training with visual feedback on standing balance abilities in people with incomplete spinal cord injury

et al. 2010

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Objectives: (1) To evaluate the learning potential and performance improvements during standing balance training with visual feedback (VBT) in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) and (2) to determine whether standing static and dynamic stability during training-irrelevant tasks can be improved after the VBT. Setting: National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan. Methods: Six participants with chronic motor and sensory incomplete SCI who were able to stand for at least 5 min without any form of assistive device performed the VBT, 3 days per week, for a total of 12 sessions. During the training, participants stood on a force platform and were instructed to shift their center of pressure in the indicated directions as represented by a cursor on a monitor. The performance and the rate of learning were monitored throughout the training period. Before and after the program, static and dynamic stability was assessed. Results: All participants showed substantial improvements in the scores, which varied between 236 ± 94 and 130 ± 14% of the initial values for different exercises. The balance performance during training-irrelevant tasks was significantly improved: for example, the area inside the stability zone after the training reached 221 ± 86% of the pre-training values. Conclusion: Postural control can be enhanced in individuals with incomplete SCI using VBT. All participants showed substantial improvements during standing in both game performance and training-irrelevant tasks after the VBT.

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Section: Potential Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Positive effect of balance training with visual feedback on standing balance abilities in people with incomplete spinal cord injury

et al. 2010

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“…[23][24][25] However, different kinds of exercise have been shown to have different effects on balance. Gauchard et al 14 chose yoga and soft gymnastics as proprioceptive exercise, which consist of slow movements performed sequentially under different postural conditions; they compared the effects of proprioceptive exercise, bioenergetic physical activities (swimming, cycling, or jogging), and no exercise on postural control in elderly people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of tai chi exercise on proprioception of ankle and knee joints in old people

Hong

Li³

et al. 2004

Br J Sports Med

177

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Objectives: To assess if tai chi, a traditional Chinese form of exercise, could improve proprioception in old people and if the effects of tai chi on proprioception are more evident than other exercise forms in the elderly. Methods: By detecting the threshold of passive movement, ankle and knee joint kinaesthesis was measured in 21 elderly long term tai chi practitioners (TC group), 20 elderly long term swimmers/runners (S/R group), and 27 elderly sedentary controls (control group). Results: Ankle joint kinaesthesis differed significantly among the three groups (p = 0.001). Subjects in the TC group could detect a significantly smaller amount of motion than those in the S/R group (p = 0.022) and control group (p = 0.001). No significant difference was found between the S/R group and the control group (p = 0.701). The threshold for detection of passive motion was significantly different in knee extension and flexion. For knee flexion, the TC group showed a significantly lower mean threshold for detection of passive motion than the control group (p = 0.026). There were no significant differences between the S/R group and control group (p = 0.312), or between the TC group and S/R group (p = 0.533). For knee extension, no significant difference was noted among the three groups (p = 0.597). Conclusions: The elderly people who regularly practiced tai chi not only showed better proprioception at the ankle and knee joints than sedentary controls, but also better ankle kinaesthesis than swimmers/ runners. The large benefits of tai chi exercise on proprioception may result in the maintenance of balance control in older people.

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“…Sarcopenia is associated with decreased lower extremity performance [2], functional impairment [3], falls [4,5], physical disability [6][7][8], and frailty [9]. Low skeletal muscle strength is predictive of disability [10,11] and mortality [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotenoids as protection against sarcopenia in older adults

Semba

Lauretani

Ferrucci

2007

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

136

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Sarcopenia, or loss of muscle mass and strength, plays a major role in the disablement process in older adults and increases the risk of impaired physical performance, falls, physical disability, frailty, and death. Oxidative stress is a major mechanism implicated in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia; aging muscle shows increased oxidative damage to DNA, protein, and lipids. Carotenoids quench free radicals, reduce damage from reactive oxygen species, and appear to modulate redox-sensitive transcription factors such as NF-κB that are involved in the upregulation of IL-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines. Recent epidemiological studies in community-dwelling older adults show that low serum/plasma carotenoids are independently associated with low skeletal muscle strength and the development of walking disability. These observations are consistent with a growing number of studies showing that a diet with high intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of inflammation, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. KeywordsAging; Carotene; Carotenoids; Cryptoxanthin; Inflammation; Lutein; Lycopene; Muscle; Sarcopenia; Zeaxanthin Sarcopenia, a condition characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with aging, is considered a key factor in the process of disablement in older adults [1]. Sarcopenia is associated with decreased lower extremity performance [2], functional impairment [3], falls [4,5], physical disability [6][7][8], and frailty [9]. Low skeletal muscle strength is predictive of disability [10,11] and mortality [12,13]. About one-third of women and two-thirds of men sixty years and older in the US have sarcopenia, and the estimated direct health care cost attributable to sarcopenia in the US in 2000 alone was $18.5 billion [6].Humans lose about 20-40% of both skeletal muscle mass and strength from 20 to 80 years of age [14,15]. Age-related changes in skeletal muscle include a decrease in muscle crosssectional area, a loss of muscle fibers, and fiber atrophy, as well as a decrease in muscle strength. Currently, there is no formal, widely-accepted clinical definition for sarcopenia. Appendicular lean mass as determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) 1 scanning [16] and skeletal muscle index as determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) [17] have been used to define sarcopenia. However, the quality and composition of muscle fibers cannot be determined using DEXA or BIA, and alternatively, low skeletal muscle strength has been used as a measure of sarcopenia [18]. Low grip, hip, and knee strength are often used in epidemiological studies of aging to measure sarcopenia. In relation to the risk of *Corresponding

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Training Balance and Strength in the Elderly to Improve Function

Cited by 105 publications

References 10 publications

Positive effect of balance training with visual feedback on standing balance abilities in people with incomplete spinal cord injury

Positive effect of balance training with visual feedback on standing balance abilities in people with incomplete spinal cord injury

Effect of tai chi exercise on proprioception of ankle and knee joints in old people

Carotenoids as protection against sarcopenia in older adults

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