This article systematically reviewed the epidemiology studies on sports injury which ankle injury was included. The time span started from 1977 to 2005. A total of 227 studies reporting injury pattern in 70 sports from 38 countries were included. The total included cases were 201600 with 32509 (16%) ankle injuries. A total of 11847 (84%) ankle sprains were recorded from 14098 cases with available ankle injury information. Results show that the ankle was the most common injured body site in 24 of the 70 included sports, especially in aeroball, wall climbing, indoor volleyball, mountaineering, netball, and field events in track and field. Ankle sprain was the major ankle injury in 33 of the 43 sports, especially in Australian football, field hockey, handball, orienteering, scooter and squash. In general sports injury among countries, the ankle was the second most common injured body site after the knee, and ankle sprain was the most common type of ankle injury. The incidence of ankle injury and ankle sprain was high in court game and team sports, such as rugby, soccer, volleyball, handball, basketball, field hockey, dancing, American football, netball and lacrosse. This systematic review provides a summary of the ankle injury epidemiology in sports. 1. Introduction People from all around the world are participating in sports nowadays for personal interest, relaxation, health and fitness training. However, sports is one of the major causes of injuries which is comparable to traffic accidents, home and leisure accidents, occupational injuries, and violence [1-4]. Sports injuries result in pain, loss of playing or working time, as well as medical expenditure. Severe injuries may result in bone fractures, functional instability, limited mobility, disability, permanent cease of sports participation, psychological problem, and perhaps death. For world-class and commercial sports teams, absence of key players due to unexpected injuries may result in defeats in major games and huge economic loss. Due to these undesired adverse effects, scientists and medical specialists are actively working on sports injury prevention [5-7]. The aim is to prevent sports injury and let people enjoy sports participation. The first procedure to tackle a problem is to identify the problem. In 1970, Roser and Clawson conducted an epidemiology study on football injuries in young athlete [8]. In 1971, MacIntosh conducted similar study on athletic injuries in University of Toronto [9]. In 1972 and 1973, Garrick conducted related studies in prevention of sports injuries [5] and prevention of ankle sprains [10]. To be more specific in identifying the problem, Garrick pioneered a series of ankle sprains epidemiology studies from 1977 [11]. Subsequent studies by Garrick investigated ankle injuries in different sport events including aerobic dance [12] , children and adolescent skiing [13] , women gymnastics [14] , ballet [15] , and in all sports [16]. From 1980 afterwards, numerous epidemiology studies were conducted on different sports, population, g...
Information about soccer injuries is required to develop prevention and rehabilitation programmes. Most soccer injuries occur in the lower extremities. This type of injury is reviewed here. Definitions of injury, injury rate, injury percentage, mechanism of injury, anatomical region of injury, type of injury, and severity of injury are summarised. In each section, a description and summary of the data are provided. Finally, the limitations of the studies and suggestions to improve the investigation of soccer injuries are provided.
Objectives-To assess the characteristic eVects of Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) exercise on metabolism and cardiorespiratory response, and to measure its eVect on cardiorespiratory function, mental control, immune capacity, and the prevention of falls in elderly people. Design-A review of controlled experimental studies and clinical trials designed with one of two aims: either to assess physiological responses during the performance of TCC or to assess the impact of this exercise on general health and fitness. Main outcome measures-Metabolic rate, heart rate, blood pressure, ventilation, maximal oxygen uptake (Ṽ O 2 MAX), immune capacity, falls, and fall related factors. Subjects-A total of 2216 men and women. Results-Under review were 31 original studies, published in Chinese or English journals, that met the criteria for inclusion. Most of the papers written in Chinese had not been introduced into the Western literature. Nine of these studies showed that TCC can be classified as moderate exercise, as its does not demand more than 55% of maximal oxygen intake. When this form of exercise and others conducted at equal intensity were compared, TCC showed a significantly lower ventilatory equivalent (Ṽ E/Ṽ O 2 MAX). Evidence provided by cross sectional and longitudinal studies suggests that TCC exercise has beneficial eVects on cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal function, posture control capacity, and the reduction of falls experienced by the elderly. Conclusions-TCC is a moderate intensity exercise that is beneficial to cardiorespiratory function, immune capacity, mental control, flexibility, and balance control; it improves muscle strength and reduces the risk of falls in the elderly. (Br J Sports Med 2001;35:148-156)
Background-Tai Chi Chuan (TTC) exercise has beneficial eVects on the components of physical condition and can produce a substantial reduction in the risk of multiple falls. Previous studies have shown that short term TCC exercise did not improve the scores in the single leg stance test with eyes closed and the sit and reach test. There has apparently been no research into the eVects of TCC on total body rotation flexibility and heart rate responses at rest and after a three minute step test. Methods-In this cross sectional study, 28 male TCC practitioners with an average age of 67.5 years old and 13.2 years of TCC exercise experience were recruited to form the TCC group. Another 30 sedentary men aged 66.2 were selected to serve as the control group. Measurements included resting heart rate, left and right single leg stance with eyes closed, modified sit and reach test, total body rotation test (left and right), and a three minute step test. Results-Compared with the sedentary group, the TCC group had significantly better scores in resting heart rate, three minute step test heart rate, modified sit and reach, total body rotation test on both right and left side (p<0.01), and both right and left leg standing with eyes closed (p<0.05). According to the American Fitness Standards, the TCC group attained the 90th percentile rank for sit and reach and total body rotation test, right and left. Conclusion-Long term regular TCC exercise has favourable eVects on the promotion of balance control, flexibility, and cardiovascular fitness in older adults. (Br J Sports Med 2000;34:29-34)
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