Trypsin/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) treatment and cell scraping in a buffer solution were compared for harvesting adherently growing mammalian SW480 cells for metabolomics studies. In addition, direct scraping with a solvent was tested. Trypsinated and scraped cell pellets were extracted using seven different extraction protocols including pure methanol, methanol/water, pure acetone, acetone/water, methanol/chloroform/water, methanol/isopropanol/water, and acid-base methanol. The extracts were analyzed by GC-MS after methoximation/silylation and derivatization with propyl chloroformate, respectively. The metabolic fingerprints were compared and 25 selected metabolites including amino acids and intermediates of energy metabolism were quantitatively determined. Moreover, the influence of freeze/thaw cycles, ultrasonication and homogenization using ceramic beads on extraction yield was tested. Pure acetone yielded the lowest extraction efficiency while methanol, methanol/water, methanol/isopropanol/water, and acid-base methanol recovered similar metabolite amounts with good reproducibility. Based on overall performance, methanol/water was chosen as a suitable extraction solvent. Repeated freeze/thaw cycles, ultrasonication and homogenization did not improve overall metabolite yield of the methanol/water extraction. Trypsin/EDTA treatment caused substantial metabolite leakage proving it inadequate for metabolomics studies. Gentle scraping of the cells in a buffer solution and subsequent extraction with methanol/water resulted on average in a sevenfold lower recovery of quantified metabolites compared with direct scraping using methanol/water, making the latter one the method of choice to harvest and extract metabolites from adherently growing mammalian SW480 cells.

We present the first lattice determination of the two lowest Gegenbauer moments of the leading-twist pion and kaon light-cone distribution amplitudes with full control of all errors: a π 2 = 0.101 +24 −24 for the pion; a K 1 = 0.0533 +34 −35 and a K 2 = 0.090 +19 −20 for the kaon. The calculation is carried out on 35 different CLS ensembles with N f = 2 + 1 flavors of dynamical Wilson-clover fermions. These cover a multitude of pion and kaon mass combinations (including the physical point) and 5 different lattice spacings down to a = 0.039 fm. The momentum smearing technique and a new operator basis are employed to reduce statistical fluctuations and to improve the overlap with the ground states. The results are obtained from a combined chiral and continuum limit extrapolation that includes three separate trajectories in the quark mass plane.

We present a new analysis method that allows one to understand and model excited state contributions in observables that are dominated by a pion pole. We apply this method to extract axial and (induced) pseudoscalar nucleon isovector form factors, which satisfy the constraints due to the partial conservation of the axial current up to expected discretization effects. Effective field theory predicts that the leading contribution to the (induced) pseudoscalar form factor originates from an exchange of a virtual pion, and thus exhibits pion pole dominance. Using our new method, we can recover this behavior directly from lattice data. The numerical analysis is based on a large set of ensembles generated by the CLS effort, including physical pion masses, large volumes (with up to 96 3 × 192 sites and Lm π = 6.4), and lattice spacings down to 0.039 fm, which allows us to take all the relevant limits. We find that some observables are much more sensitive to the choice of parametrization of the form factors than others. On the one hand, the z-expansion leads to significantly smaller values for the axial dipole mass than the dipole ansatz (M z-exp A = 1.02(10) GeV versus M dipole A = 1.31(8) GeV). On the other hand, we find that the result for the induced pseudoscalar coupling at the muon capture point is almost independent of the choice of parametrization (g z-exp P = 8.68(45) and g dipole P = 8.30(24)), and is in good agreement with both, chiral perturbation theory predictions and experimental measurement via ordinary muon capture. We also determine the axial coupling constant g A .

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It has been observed in multiple lattice determinations of isovector axial and pseudoscalar nucleon form factors, that, despite the fact that the partial conservation of the axialvector current is fulfilled on the level of correlation functions, the corresponding relation for form factors (sometimes called the generalized Goldberger-Treiman relation in the literature) is broken rather badly. In this work we trace this difference back to excited state contributions and propose a new projection method that resolves this problem. We demonstrate the efficacy of this method by computing the axial and pseudoscalar form factors as well as related quantities on ensembles with two flavors of improved Wilson fermions using pion masses down to 150 MeV. To this end, we perform the z-expansion with analytically enforced asymptotic behaviour and extrapolate to the physical point.

Nitrobenzenes are cleanly reduced to anilines using Ru-sensitized TiO 2 photocatalysts and green light irradiation, if very small amounts of transitions metal salts are added, which form metal nanoparticles of narrow size distribution under the experimental conditions. The catalyst system is prepared by simple mixing of the components and is therefore easy to apply in organic synthesis. As light sources, commercial high power LEDs or sunlight are used. We report the optimization of the reaction conditions, the effect of trace amounts of added metal salts and demonstrate the use of green light photoreduction in the conversion of several nitrobenzene derivatives.

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Following the proposal in (Braun and Müller. Eur Phys J C55:349, 2008), we study the feasibility to calculate the pion distribution amplitude (DA) from suitably chosen Euclidean correlation functions at large momentum. In our lattice study we employ the novel momentum smearing technique (Bali et al. Phys Rev D93:094515, 2016; Bali et al. Phys Lett B774:91, 2017). This approach is complementary to the calculations of the lowest moments of the DA using the Wilson operator product expansion and avoids mixing with lower dimensional local operators on the lattice. The theoretical status of this method is similar to that of quasidistributions (Ji. Phys Rev Lett 110:262002, 2013) that have recently been used in (Zhang et al. Phys Rev D95:094514, 2017) to estimate the twist two pion DA. The similarities and differences between these two techniques are highlighted.