ObjectiveWe reviewed the sources of lead in the environments of U.S. children, contributions to children’s blood lead levels, source elimination and control efforts, and existing federal authorities. Our context is the U.S. public health goal to eliminate pediatric elevated blood lead levels (EBLs) by 2010.Data sourcesNational, state, and local exposure assessments over the past half century have identified risk factors for EBLs among U.S. children, including age, race, income, age and location of housing, parental occupation, and season.Data extraction and synthesisRecent national policies have greatly reduced lead exposure among U.S. children, but even very low exposure levels compromise children’s later intellectual development and lifetime achievement. No threshold for these effects has been demonstrated. Although lead paint and dust may still account for up to 70% of EBLs in U.S. children, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that ≥30% of current EBLs do not have an immediate lead paint source, and numerous studies indicate that lead exposures result from multiple sources. EBLs and even deaths have been associated with inadequately controlled sources including ethnic remedies and goods, consumer products, and food-related items such as ceramics. Lead in public drinking water and in older urban centers remain exposure sources in many areas.ConclusionsAchieving the 2010 goal requires maintaining current efforts, especially programs addressing lead paint, while developing interventions that prevent exposure before children are poisoned. It also requires active collaboration across all levels of government to identify and control all potential sources of lead exposure, as well as primary prevention.
Migration of ethylene glycol (EG) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into the food simulant 3% acetic acid was studied using 32 fluid oz PET bottles filled with 3% acetic acid and stored at 32° C for 6 months. Final concentration of EG in the 3% acetic acid migration solution was about 100 ppb, which is equivalent to about 94 µg EG /bottle. A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for quantitating EG was developed which is capable of measuring EG levels as low as 50 ppb in the migration solution.
Active. site binding of vinyl chloride monomer by polyvinyl chloride has been demonstrated in 2 of 3 unplasticized resins, by equilibrium partitioning studies. The-magnitude of this effect was less than what was observed in previous studies. The potential for. active site binding to be a limiting, factor for the migration of indirect food additives may thus depend upon chemical and morphological features of the particular resin used to manufacture the food contact article. Inverse phase gas-solid chromatographic studies have also shown active site binding in the unplasticized resin sample studied by this method. Simple dissolution was shown to be the predominant mode of monomer/polymer interaction, for .the plasticized counterpart of this resin. These studies have shown the potential for obtaining reliable data for. interaction of polymer. resins with indirect food additive type molecules by this more quickly performed technique.
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