The concept of social control has been used in sociology since the foundations of the discipline were laid almost a hundred years ago.At the turn of the century social control developed two distinct orientations. The concept has referred to the process of socialization or how individual behavior is regulated in primary group relations, and alternatively, to how the large macrosocial institutions such as education, religion, law and the political system maintain order in society. 2Early research in social control focused on the development of inventories of societal means of social control. Changing standards of science, however, forced an abandonment of that perspective and research became more directly concerned with the socialization process.Most recently, soci a 1 cont ro 1 a rguments have centered upon the primary group aspects of socialization and the relation of that socialization to delinquency and have been unattentive to larger social institutions and secondary group factors that also influence behavior.The version of social control theory developed by Travis Hirschi in Causes of Delinquency (1969) has been shown to be an exemplary model of social research. He claimed that in early childhood many youths form a bond to society which prevents some of them from becoming involved with delinquency while others who fail to form a bond become del inquent. Hirschi's theory was strongly supported by the research he conducted \·Jhich shDl'ied that delinquency involvement was inversely related to the strength of an individual's relationship to society. This dissertation extends the explanatory model developed byHirschi. First, it argues that the socialization levels reached by youngsters in primary group socialization are sometimes altered by subsequent experiences. Secondly, it contends that those changes are related to school experiences and social class backgrounds of youths.Finally, it avers that those changes increase or decrease the likelihood that adolescents will become involved in delinquent behavior. The first part replicated Hirschi's contentions that the bond was fOI"med in the family. One element, not fonned in 1964, emerged prior to the youth's graduation. Secondly, this research diverged from Hirschi's contention that social class was not related to the levels of bond achieved by youths or delinquency. Delinquency and 3 two of the four elements of the bond were found to be related to social class. Third, the social bond was found to be moderately unstable and change was somewhat related to the educational and social background of the youth. Finally, the:;e changes in bond and secondary group factors were translated into significant variations in the del i nquency ra tes for the youths who compri sed the ana lys i s groups. concern with "social order," that is, with how societies order social relations to a more narrow interest in how individuals are socialized into the ongoing social structure. LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTERThe discussion that follows provides an overview of the developmen...

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The concept of social control has been used in sociology since the foundations of the discipline were laid almost a hundred years ago.At the turn of the century social control developed two distinct orientations. The concept has referred to the process of socialization or how individual behavior is regulated in primary group relations, and alternatively, to how the large macrosocial institutions such as education, religion, law and the political system maintain order in society.

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Democratic Policing in Transitional and Developing Countries is held together on the one hand by a persistent call to link democratic policing reforms to democratic socioeconomic development, and on the other hand by an emphasis on the centrality of understanding the peculiar historical and contemporary socio-political conditions that shape policing in each transitional society. It refutes both top-down and one-size-fitsall approaches to a foreign policy of promoting democratic policing in transitional societies, and reminds us that police reforms can ultimately be achieved by harnessing local knowledge and securing the active involvement of citizens.The book consists of three parts. The first part is mainly a theoretical overview of policing and democratic development. Its four chapters are all written by the editors themselves. Chapter 1 discusses a variety of factors with which any successful democratic transformation of police forces in transitional and post-conflict societies has to reckon. Pino and Wiatrowski argue that these distinctive, but ultimately, interrelated factors -such as citizens' participation in local institutions, levels of social disorganisation, police structure, institutional legitimacy, political stability, and capitalist globalisation -operate at international, national, and sub-national and individual levels. The key issues stressed relate to the need for adequate understanding of the particular historical and current socio-political context of policing -'each state has its own history and problems that must be studied and dealt with on a state-by-state basis' (p.11). Equally importantly, sustainable democratic reforms require that these factors are addressed comprehensively.Chapter 2 examines the adequacy of the community-oriented (COP) model of policing for export to transitional societies. It identifies and discusses inherent flaws in the COP model, which must be addressed if it is not to 'become the same repressive and undemocratic police practices under a new label' (p. 68). What is democratic policing? What are the key principles that underpin it? Chapter 3 provides a succinct discussion and answers to both of these questions. Pino and Wiatrowski raise and address an important issue in Chapter 4, which very few police scholars have considered in their exploration of the modalities for implementing democratic policing in transitional societies. This is the issue of the relationship between crime prevention, democratic institutional reconstruction or restructuring, and socio-economic development more generally. It also examines the role of local knowledge, and how societies can generate and sustain the overall issues linked to police transformation.The second part of this book consists of case studies of selected countries. It begins with Mullick and Nusrat's excellent discussion (in Chapter 5) on the current state of policing and institutional reconstruction in Iraq, and the scope for successful reforms. The authors argue that the negative effects of the occupation by multi-nation...