Ammonia
synthesized using hydrogen from renewable sources offers
a vast potential for the storage as well as transportation of renewable
energy from regions with high intensity to regions lean in renewable
sources. Ammonia can be used as an energy vector for an emissionless
energy cycle in a variety of ways. Ammonia at the point of end use
can be converted to hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles or alternatively
utilized directly in solid oxide fuel cells, in an internal combustion
engine or a gas turbine. One ton of ammonia production requires 9–15
MWh of energy. However, its conversion back to useful form or direct
utilization can lead to substantial energy losses. In this paper,
we present an overview of the current processes and technologies for
ammonia synthesis and its utilization as an energy carrier. We have
performed an estimation of the round-trip efficiency of different
routes for ammonia utilization at the point of end use along with
some sensitivity analysis, and we discuss the outcomes resulting from
the best and worst case scenarios.
The α, β, γ, and δ polymorphs of Y2Si2O7 were synthesized using sol-gel and solid-state methods. The structures of the α and γ polymorphs were determined by identification of isostructural rare-earth disilicates, and the structures were refined using Rietveld analysis of X-ray powder diffraction data. The α polymorph crystallizes in space group P1, with a=6.5872(6) Å, b=6.6387(7) Å, c=12.032(1) Å, α=94.501(7)°, β=90.984(8)°, γ=91.771(7)°, and volume=524.16(9) Å3. The γ form is described by space group P21/c, a=4.68824(5) Å, b=10.84072(9) Å, c=5.58219(6) Å, and γ=96.0325(3)°. The anisotropic thermal expansion of each phase was measured using high temperature diffraction up to 1200 or 1400 °C, depending on the stability of the polymorph. The thermal expansion is highly anisotropic for all polymorphs, with the low-expansion direction normal to the long axis of the corner-shared SiO4 tetrahedra.
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