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We report observation of a fine structure component in backscattered light from mucosal tissue which is periodic in wavelength. This structure is ordinarily masked by a diffusive background. We have identified the origin of this component as being due to light which is Mie scattered by surface epithelial cell nuclei. By analyzing the amplitude and frequency of the fine structure, the density and size distribution of these nuclei can be extracted. These quantities are important indicators of neoplastic precancerous changes in biological tissue. [S0031-9007(97)05049-7]

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equally contributed to this work and are sharing first authorship position.

UNG CANCER IS THE MOST COMmon cancer-related cause of death in the United States. 1 Stage of disease dictates the choice of therapy. Surgery is most appropriate for patients in whom disease is confined to the lung and hilar lymph nodes. For patients with ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node metastases, the benefit of surgery as primary therapy is questionable. For patients with contralateral mediastinal lymph node metastases, surgery is generally not indicated, and chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both are considered the standard of care. 2 Noninvasive staging with chest computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET) is associated with high rates of false-positive and false-negative results, respectively. 3 The American College of Chest Physicians recommends invasive staging with tissue confirmation of suspected metastatic mediastinal lymph nodes. 4 Mediastinoscopy or thoracoscopy has been the diagnostic standard, but less invasive methods have emerged as potential alternatives. Such methods include blind transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA), endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA), and, most recently, endobronchial ultrasound-guided fineneedle aspiration (EBUS-FNA). 5 We hypothesized that EBUS-FNA would be more accurate than TBNA and that the combination of EUS-FNA and EBUS