The present study investigated the effects of ethanol extracts of Allium hookeri (leaf, root, and fermented root) on parameters of innate immunity, tumour cell viability and antioxidant effect in vitro. Innate immunity was measured by spleen lymphocyte proliferation, nitric oxide production by chicken macrophage HD11 cells and suppressive effect on tumour cell viability was assessed using chicken RP9 cells. Free radical scavenging capacity as a measure of antioxidant capacity was determined by 0.15 mM of DPPH solution. In vitro culture of chicken spleen lymphocytes with ethanol extract of Allium hookeri (62.5-500 μg/mL) significantly induced higher proliferation compared with media control. Stimulation of macrophages with ethanol extract of Allium hookeri (62.5-500 μg/mL) showed increased Nitric oxide production. Tumor cells growth was significantly inhibited by extracts of Allium hookeri at 15.6-125 μg/mL compared with medium control and all extracts exhibited greater than 80% scavenging activity at 1000 μg/mL compared with ethanol vehicle control. Above all, fermented root extracts showed strongest effects on antioxidant activity compared to leaf and root extracts.
A variety of organic materials has been currently used for the nutrient management in agricultural land. However, there is little study to understand the impact of organic materials for crop production with soil bio-chemical properties. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of organic materials using pepper crop (Capsicum annuum). Using oil-cake and amino acid fertilizer as organic materials, both soil characteristics such as bio-chemical properties and microbial community and pepper yield were tested for three years. The pepper was cultivated with four different treatments; Control (No fertilizer), NPK (inorganic fertilizer), OCF (Oil-cake), and (OCF+AAF) (Oil-cake with amino acid fertilizer). The result of soil properties showed that available phosphate content and microbial biomass were the highest in NPK and organic matter content was higher in OCF and OCF+AAF than NPK. Biochemical properties including activities of β -glucosidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulfatase were not different among all treated samples. For pepper yield, OCF and OCF+AAF showed 10 -40% less than NPK. Therefore, this study concludes that organic materials affect microbial biomass linked with organic matter contents and alter the soil microbial community.
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