Background and Aim: Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the respiratory disease agents in human and chicken. This bacterium is treated by antibiotic, but this treatment may trigger antibiotic resistance. Resistance gene in K. pneumoniae may be transferred to other bacteria. One of the known resistance genes is extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). This research aimed to study K. pneumoniae isolated from chicken farms in East Java, Indonesia, by observing the antibiotic resistance pattern and detect the presence of ESBL coding gene within the isolates. Materials and Methods: A total of 11 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from 141 chicken cloacal swabs from two regencies in East Java. All isolates were identified using the polymerase chain reaction method. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by agar dilution method on identified isolates, which then processed for molecular characterization to detect ESBL coding gene within the K. pneumoniae isolates found. Results: The result of antibiotic sensitivity test in 11 isolates showed highest antibiotic resistance level toward ampicillin, amoxicillin, and oxytetracycline (100%, 100%, and 90.9%) and still sensitive to gentamicin. Resistance against colistin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin is varied by 90.9%, 54.5%, 27.3%, and 18.2%, respectively. All isolates of K. pneumoniae were classified as multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria. Resistance gene analysis revealed the isolates harbored as blaSHV (9.1%), blaTEM (100%), and blaCTX-M (90.9%). Conclusion: All the bacterial isolates were classified as MDR bacteria and harbored two of the transmissible ESBL genes. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria has the potential to spread its resistance properties.
Mutant prevention concentration (MPC) is an in vitro test used to determine the lowest drug concentration needed to inhibit the growth of a single-step-mutant bacterial subpopulation. The purpose of this study was to determine the MPC value of ciprofloxacin against pathogenic Escherichia coli to obtained the range of mutant selection windows (MSW) of ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin is a quinolone group that is included in the Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine but is also used for the treatment of bacterial infections in production animals. Twenty-four of pathogenic E. coli isolates sensitive to ciprofloxacin were tested to obtain MPC values and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Test the MPC and MIC values to get the MSW range is done by the method of agar dilution. Mueller-Hinton agar containing standard ciprofloxacin was inoculated with 1010 cfu E. coli for the MPC test and 104 for the MIC test. Based on the MPC test results, the MPC value of ciprofloxacin was 4-64 μg / mL (22.96 ± 19.07 μg / mL) and there was one isolate which had an MPC> 256 μg / mL. These results give a wide range of MSW with a lower limit of the MIC value of 0.25 - 2 µg / mL (0.55 ± 0.37 µg / mL) to the upper limit of the MPC value of 4-64 µg / mL (22.96 ± 19.07 μg / mL). Based on the results of this MPC assessment it can be concluded that the dose of ciprofloxacin in production animals has a wide range of MSW that is allow for single-step mutants.
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