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Aim: The present study investigated the effect of exploitative leadership on workplace incivility banking Sector employee with the role of psychological stress as a moderator Background: Destructive leadership, the mostly exploitative leadership, had been less thoughtful earlier in banking research. Additionally, fundamental mechanisms and boundary conditions that occur between exploitative leadership and employee outcomes such as workplace incivility were also missing in the banking literature with the context of psychological distress. Methods: This present research quantitative nature in which data had collected from the banking Sector (N = 310) working in the Pakistani banking sector through self-administrative questionnaires. Results: psychological distress moderate the relationship between exploitative leadership and workplace incivility among banking sector employees when psychological distress was high. Conclusions: Exploitative leadership had a significant impact on outcomes in the form of workplace incivility and psychological distress significantly moderating between exploitative leadership and workplace incivility when psychological distress was high at the banking sector in Pakistan Implications for Banking Sector Management: It is among the pioneer studies to unveil the exploitative side of leadership and its negative consequences for banking sector employees. Psychological distress in the banking sector can be reduced by discouraging leader exploitative behavior. Banking can utilize workplace incivility from work as a tool to reduce destructive outcomes of leader exploitative behavior.

The main purpose of this article is to compare the state and dynamics of e-commerce development in selected countries: Poland, Turkey and the PRC (People’s Republic of China), from the point of view of individual customers. The comparison was carried out in two stages: the first months of 2020 (before the COVID-19 pandemic) and the first months of 2021 (during the pandemic). The study conducted involved university students. The surveys were carried out using the CAWI method, and they were made available on the servers of the Faculty of Management at the University of Warsaw. The research sample included 650 individuals. Differences in the obtained results were evaluated using the City distance. The hypothesis concerning the lack of differentiation between the evaluations of individual e-commerce criteria was formulated, and it was disproved in the course of the study. The results of the research indicate that the variation between countries appeared mainly in relation to the direction of the development of e-commerce during the COVID-19 pandemic, the type of (mobile/traditional) device used to shop online and, above all, the specificity of the country where the study took place with its past experiences, cultural circumstances and shopping habits, as reflected in the development of online commerce. The limitation of the study was the fact that it was conducted in an academic environment and, at this stage, it was limited to the analysis of the results covering selected countries. Nevertheless, the valuable contribution and undoubted achievement of the work consist in the fact that, for the first time, e-commerce solutions have been compared for countries that are so culturally, economically and demographically different. The results of this study may be used by business practitioners to guide them on possible strategies regarding the development of e-commerce in their countries in the post-pandemic reality.

The main objective of this article is to analyze the use of modern information technologies, referring to the example of smartphones, paying particular attention to selected cultural aspects of the phenomena that appear to play an important role in creating the concept of a smart city. The authors asked a research question: whether there is a difference in the perception of smart cities between Poland and Turkey in terms of a set of individual criteria and cultural differences in the context of globalization processes. The authors decided to compare the use of smartphones in an international environment. In their analysis, they examined Poland and Turkey, the countries which are characterized by markedly distinct culture and customs, but simultaneously present a similar level of IT development. The research was conducted in two stages at the turn of 2019 and 2020, and it involved more than 600 selected young people aged 18–25. It is important to mention that the study consulted the group of the most active internet users who are taking advantage of the benefits of internet-aided globalization. In order to carry out the survey questionnaire, the authors applied a CAWI (Computer Associated Web Interview) method. The original study aimed at identifying the character traits of smartphone users that appear to be most important from the point of view of implementing the concept of a smart city. As a result of this research, 15 such characteristics were identified, and the impact of smartphones on the strengthening or weakening of such qualities was tested in the course of conducting the survey questionnaire. The survey was translated into native languages and initially tested as part of the pilot studies. The results were compared, and the authors have identified and commented on differences between them. They also assessed the degree to which the hypothesis formulated in the research has been verified. The main limitation of the conducted study was the selection of a random group since the research sample consisted only of members of the academic community. The part of the study which is presented in this article fills the research gap related to the impact of smartphones on selected aspects of user behavior (punctuality, individualism, the quantity and quality of contacts) as well as social behavior (homogenization of cultures, the impact on economic and technological progress, strengthening of social bonds, civic responsibility (both in the social and economic sense), personal development initiatives, increase in social activity, sense of security, technological progress, and achieving prosperity). The examined features are particularly important in shaping the idea of smart cities. The results obtained in the study are conducive to expanding the research in this area.

Purpose:The primary objective of this article is to identify the differences in the opinions concerning the impact of e-commerce on the broadly perceived globalization processes in two selected countries, Poland and Turkey, at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic. The two countries examined as part of the research are culturally distinct. However, they also represent a similar level of development in terms of Internet-based solutions. Design/Methodology/Approach: In this study, the authors have applied a dedicated questionnaire, which enabled them to collect data covering the sample of 459 Polish and Turkish respondents. The survey findings were compared, considering the percentage differences, the city distance, and Euclidean distance. The research results were obtained using a survey questionnaire completed by individual, active Internet users from both countries. The structure of the paper includes the presentation of the issue against the background of literature, methodological assumptions of the study, its findings, discussions, and conclusions. Findings: The research findings confirmed the existence of significant differences between Poland and Turkey as regards the respondents' perception of the place and role of e-commerce and their influence on globalization processes, in particular in the categories related to payments for products/services in e-commerce as well as the impact of information technologies on globalization. Practical Implications: The discovered in the conducted research similarities and differences in the assessments of the impact of e-commerce on globalization processes in Poland and Turkey may enormously enhance the understanding of differences between described countries and give essential knowledge for developing the new product in the e-commerce area. Originality/Value: The present study contributes to creating new knowledge concerning the similarities and differences in the assessments of the impact of e-commerce on globalization processes in Poland and Turkey.

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Misyon bir işletmenin var oluş nedeni olarak tanımlanırken, vizyon; bir işletmenin gelecekte ulaşmak istediği yerin bir görüntüsü olarak tanımlanmaktadır. İşletmeler misyon ve vizyon ifadelerini oluştururken amaç ve hedeflerini, stratejilerini, değerlerini, ağırlıklı olarak önem verdikleri konuları ve yanı sıra girişimcilik özelliklerini de yansıtmaktadır. Girişimcilik özellikleri, girişimcinin davranışsal özelliklerinden etkilenmekle beraber, literatürde dokuz boyuttan oluştuğu bilinmektedir. Bunlar; risk alma, liderlik, yenilikçilik, yaratıcılık, güçlülük, proaktiflik, araştırma ve geliştirme, başarı ve rekabetçilik gibi kavramlardır. İşletmeler misyon ve vizyon ifadelerinde bu kavramları kullanarak işletmenin yönü, işletmenin değerleri, girişimcilik özellikleri hakkında bilgi vermektedirler. İşletmelerin, stratejik yönetim ifadelerinde gerçekçi davranmaması, bu ifadelerin girişimcilik özelliklerini yansıtacak biçimde oluşturmamaları, ayrıca işletme gerçeklerinden uzak, taklit ifadeler kullanmaları problem olarak görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada işletmelerin misyon ve vizyon ifadelerini gerçekçi, işletme gerçekleriyle örtüşecek biçimde ve ciddi olarak oluşturdukları varsayılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ağustos-2020 misyon ve vizyon ifadeleri baz alınarak, Türkiye Bankalar Birliği (TBB)'nde paylaşılmış olan (kalkınma ve sınai bankaları hariç) banka ve finans işletmelerinin web sitelerinde paylaşılmış olan misyon ve vizyon ifadelerinden yola çıkarak finans işletmelerinin girişimcilik özelliklerini tespit ederek yorumlamaya çalışmaktır. Bu amaçla, ifadeler girişimcilik özellikleri bakımından nitel olarak değerlendirilmiştir, bu doğrultuda TBB'nin web sitesinde paylaşımda bulunan banka ve finans işletmelerinin girişimcilik özellikleri, stratejik yönetim ifadelerinde yer alan anlamlı faktörler olarak gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın, stratejik yönetim ve girişimcilik özelliklerinin ayrılamaz bileşenler olduğunun belirginleşmesi bakımından önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca çalışmanın ilgili sektör yöneticilerine, girişimcilik ve stratejik yönetim alanında çalışan akademisyenlere yararlı olması beklenmektedir.