The use of cross-sectional imaging and ultrasonography has long complemented endoscopic assessment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinical symptoms alone are often not enough to assess disease activity, so a reliance on non-invasive techniques is essential. In this paper, we aim to examine the current use of radiological modalities in aiding the management of patients with IBD. We focus on the various sections of the gastrointestinal tract and how different modalities can aid in assessing current disease state and response to treatments. We also have a look at how newer sequences in cross-sectional imaging and ultrasonography can allow for better differentiation of disease activity (ie, fibrotic vs inflammatory) as well improve evaluation of small bowel, colonic and perianal disease. Furthermore, we examine how advanced image processing has the potential to allow radiology to be a surrogate for biomarkers. An example of this is explored when reviewing the ability of MR sequences to quantify visceral fat, which potentially plays a role in determining disease activity in Crohn’s disease. Lastly, we look into the expected role for artificial intelligence to be used as an adjunct to radiology to better improve IBD evaluation.

Endoscopy is the gold standard for objective assessment of colonic disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Non-invasive colonic imaging using bowel ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may have a role in quantifying colonic disease activity. We reviewed the diagnostic accuracy of these modalities for assessment of endoscopically or histopathologically defined colonic disease activity in IBD. We searched Embase, MEDLINE, and the Web of Science from inception to 20 September 2021. QUADAS-2 was used to evaluate the studies’ quality. A meta-analysis was performed using a bivariate model approach separately for MRI and US studies only, and summary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were obtained. CT studies were excluded due to the absence of diagnostic test data. Thirty-seven studies were included. The mean sensitivity and specificity for MRI studies was 0.75 and 0.91, respectively, while for US studies it was 0.82 and 0.90, respectively. The area under the ROC curves (AUC) was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.82 to 0.93) for MRI, and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.75 to 1.00) for US. Both MRI and US show high diagnostic accuracy in the assessment of colonic disease activity in IBD patients.

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Aim: Coronavirus infection has caused disease at the pandemic level with several deaths worldwide and affected all aspects of human life. One way to minimize virus transmission and its effects is to perform mass vaccination within the general population so that herd immunity is developed against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, low health literacy and vaccine hesitancy are potential threats in achieving this. The present study is designed to measure the Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception levels towards COVID-19 and assess public perception and acceptance levels of the vaccine among the general population in the Hail province of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A bilingual, community-based questionnaire, consisting of the respondents’ socio-demographic profile, COVID-19 knowledge, and attitude & perception towards COVID-19 vaccination, was circulated using different social media platforms. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Appropriate knowledge level was found in 74.8% of the respondents, whereas inappropriate knowledge levels were observed in females and participants with non-health-related occupations and were inversely related to willingness to the vaccine. More than 60% of the respondents had a negative attitude towards the COVID-19 vaccine, as only 51% were willing to get vaccinated. A negative attitude was significantly associated with female respondents. Conclusion: Our study reports a high knowledge level among the respondents in the Hail province. However, there is also a decreased willingness to be vaccinated, suggesting that more vaccine and health literacy seminars should be conducted to generate awareness among the general population in the Hail province, KSA.

An evaluation of myocardial function is necessary to assess the condition of a patient's heart. Although ejection fraction is used as a measure of myocardial function, many common cardiac illnesses affect the myocardium locally rather than globally. It may therefore be possible to determine the motion of the regional wall of the heart by evaluating myocardial strain. Studying the efficacy of CMR feature tracking in diabetics Type 2 To determine whether the use of MRI feature tracking is effective in detecting myocardial strain deformations in diabetics and healthy individuals. This study involved 80 patients, 40 of whom had Type 2 diabetes and 40 of whom did not, who were subjected to cardiac MRI and echocardiography. Post-processing was done offline using CMR feature tracking and echocardiography speckle tracking, followed by SPSS analysis of the data. T2DM patients and controls did not demonstrate any significant differences in the study. There was a significant decrease in the LV GLS and LV GRS values among T2DM patients (p 0.0001) as compared to normal controls. Where the LV GLS was in controls (-20±5) and diabetes (-15±2). The CMR-FT method is well suited for accommodating STE, providing additional information in clinical trials, which can be used interchangeably. This study recommends that feature tracking (FT-CMR) and speckle tracking echocardiography (STE-Echo) be incorporated into the clinical practices of hail hospitals due to their positive results in diagnosing myocardial deformation.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tagging techniques have been applied to the GI tract to assess bowel contractions and content mixing. We aimed to evaluate the dependence of a tagging measurement (for assessing chyme mixing) on inter-observer variability in both the ascending colon (AC) and descending colon (DC) and to investigate the temporal variation and hence reliability of the colonic tagging technique by acquiring multiple measurements over time on healthy participants. Methods: Two independent datasets of healthy adults were used for the retrospective inter-observer variability (Study 1: 13 datasets and Study 2: 31 datasets), and ten participants were scanned for the prospective temporal variation study following a 1 L mannitol oral preparation. All colonic tagging data were acquired on 3 T MRI scanners.The mean and the standard deviation (SD) maps were generated pixel-by-pixel using custom-written software in MATLAB. The colonic regions of interest were defined using MIPAV software. Bland-Altman plots and scatter plots were used for the interobserver variability. The mean and SD of all repeated measures for each subject were calculated along with a one-way ANOVA to test for variations with time.Results: Scatter plots and Bland-Altman plots showed a large range of data with low variation and small limits of agreements (<5% CoV). The intraclass correlation coefficient of inter-rater reliability was excellent and 0.97 or above for the AC and DC measurements for both datasets. The temporal variation study shows that there was no significant difference found between the multiple measures with time (p = 0.53, one-way repeated measures ANOVA test). Conclusions: MRI tagging technique can provide an assessment of colonic chyme mix-ing. The inter-observer study data showed high inter-rater agreement. The temporal variation study showed some individual variations with time suggesting multiple measurements may be needed to increase accuracy.

Oral processing of food results in the formation of food boluses, which are then swallowed and reach the stomach for further digestion. The number, size and surface properties of the boluses will affect their processing and emptying from the stomach. Knowledge of these parameters, however, is incomplete due to limitations of the techniques used. In this work, non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used for the first time to measure boluses in the stomach a few minutes after swallowing. Three groups of nine healthy participants were fed three different meals: chicken and roasted vegetables (Meal 1), bread and jam (Meal 2) and cheese and yogurt (Meal 3), and then, their stomach content was imaged. The median number of boluses within the stomach was 282, 106 and 9 for Meal 1, Meal 2 and Meal 3 (p < 0.0001) with an average volume of 0.47 mL, 2.4 mL and 13.6 mL, respectively (p < 0.0001). The cohesiveness as well as the meal composition seem to play a key role in the resulting boluses. These new in vivo data from undisturbed organ imaging can improve knowledge of the digestion process, which will, in turn, inform in vitro and in silico modelling of digestion, thus improving their in vitro/in vivo relevance.

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