In the era of globalization, consumers are being more exposed than ever before to varieties of foreign products from other countries. This leads to a substantial competition between international marketers to expand their business around the world. However, international marketers become more concerned to understand consumer attitudes toward foreign products before they make their market strategies. International marketing literature suggests that consumer ethnocentrism is an important factor in making the consumers adversely evaluate foreign products. This study aims to develop a model that can be used to assess the impact of consumer ethnocentrism and its antecedents on consumer purchase intention toward foreign products in an emergent market. All the hypotheses were developed based on the findings in the existing literature. Measures were adopted from prior researches. A self-administrated questionnaire was used via convenient and snowball-sampling techniques.
Consumer ethnocentrism is found to be an important factor in making consumers adversely evaluate foreign products. This study is an attempt to improve understanding of consumer ethnocentrism and its influence on consumer attitude and purchase intention toward foreign products in an emergent market. It was also hypothesized that cultural similarity moderates the relationship between consumer ethnocentrism and purchase intention in which domestic products are not available. All but one of the hypotheses were accepted. Consumer ethnocentrism is found to have a strong influence on consumer attitude but does not significantly affect consumer purchase intention toward foreign products. Cultural similarity was found to have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between consumer ethnocentrism and purchase intention. This suggests that cultural similarity plays an important role for ethnocentric consumers in the evaluation of foreign products. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
An evaluation of myocardial function is necessary to assess the condition of a patient's heart. Although ejection fraction is used as a measure of myocardial function, many common cardiac illnesses affect the myocardium locally rather than globally. It may therefore be possible to determine the motion of the regional wall of the heart by evaluating myocardial strain. Studying the efficacy of CMR feature tracking in diabetics Type 2 To determine whether the use of MRI feature tracking is effective in detecting myocardial strain deformations in diabetics and healthy individuals. This study involved 80 patients, 40 of whom had Type 2 diabetes and 40 of whom did not, who were subjected to cardiac MRI and echocardiography. Post-processing was done offline using CMR feature tracking and echocardiography speckle tracking, followed by SPSS analysis of the data. T2DM patients and controls did not demonstrate any significant differences in the study. There was a significant decrease in the LV GLS and LV GRS values among T2DM patients (p 0.0001) as compared to normal controls. Where the LV GLS was in controls (-20±5) and diabetes (-15±2). The CMR-FT method is well suited for accommodating STE, providing additional information in clinical trials, which can be used interchangeably. This study recommends that feature tracking (FT-CMR) and speckle tracking echocardiography (STE-Echo) be incorporated into the clinical practices of hail hospitals due to their positive results in diagnosing myocardial deformation.
The consumption of organic food has increased owing to consumers becoming more concerned about their health. Many people have begun to realize the advantages of using organic instead of conventional food. Consumer-attitude is now the most influential factor affecting consumer purchase intention toward organic food. This study aims to identify factors influencing consumers’ attitudes and purchase intention toward organic food in the Saudi context. The data used here were collected from 147 participants by using structured questionnaires. Structural equation modelling and partial least square (SmartPLS) were used to analyze the data collection. The results show that issues relating to food quality and scepticism influence consumers’ attitudes toward organic food. Interestingly, organic food knowledge and health consciousness are not significant in influencing consumer attitudes toward organic food. Besides, none of the moderating effects were significant (e.g., food safety and price) regarding the relationship between consumer-attitude and purchase intention toward organic food. The results will help marketers and organic food retailers to understand better consumer’s behaviour, build their marketing strategy and make advantageous decisions.
This study focuses on Saudi teachers’ motivations regarding their choice of oral corrective feedback (OCF) forms, such as recasts, elicitations, and metalinguistic feedback in foreign language (FL) contexts. Many previous studies of teachers’ choices of OCF forms, and motivations for these choices, have been conducted in more communicative contexts where recasts are most commonly used, with the aim of keeping the communication going. The current study, in contrast, aims to explore teachers’ choices of, and motivations for, OCF forms in a more accuracy-focused context. The study uses rigorous methods to investigate 207 Saudi teachers’ perceptions of OCF, including 100 classroom observations, and 100 stimulated recall (SR) sessions with 10 teachers to further investigate their choices of, and motivations for, particular types of OCF, with reference to their learners’ uptake. The findings demonstrate that the teachers consider recasts to be the most effective method of correction for their students’ learning, especially in the case of pronunciation errors, in a context where the emphasis is placed on accuracy rather than on maintaining the flow of communication. This is in contrast to previous studies of OCF in more meaning-focused contexts, where recasts were used to maintain the flow of communication. The current study concludes by offering insights into some challenges that teachers in FL contexts might face and suggests some possible implications for teachers’ practice in these contexts.
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