Background: The medicinal plant's role is well established in folklore medicine in India. Among numerous health complications, infertility is a crucial condition that bothers modern society. The traditional practitioners are using various parts of plants to overcome infertility in women. One such plant is Syzygium cumini (stem bark), used by traditional practitioners for pro-fertility in females without the scientific literature endorsing the fact. Material and Methods: Wistar rats approximately six months age and weighing 190-210 g were used for the experimental study. The rats were treated with 500 mg/kg body weight of Syzygium cumini stem bark ethanol extract with a vehicle through oral administration. The ether anaesthesia was given on the day of sacrifice and noted the body weight. The ovaries were carefully dissected, cleaned, weighed and processed for histological studies. Results: The body and ovarian weights were slightly increased in the treated group but not statistically significant. The microscopic structure of the ovary showed a normal histo-architecture. The ovarian corpora lutea number increased and was statistically significant in the treated group when compared to control. Conclusions: So, from the present study, it can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of stem bark of Syzygium cumini brings about the pro-fertility effect on the female reproductive system in Wistar rats. KEY WORDS: Estrous cycle, Hormones, Reproductive system, Syzygium cumini.

Introduction: The spleen is a vital lymphoid soft organ that demands constant attention from the clinical point of view. It is multi-dimensional organs that enlarge in all dimensions in disease conditions. The detection of the spleen by palpation on physical examination is not an approval of an enlarged spleen because an unenlarged spleen may palpable. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the Morphometry of spleen dimensions and its correlates among individuals living in Arba Minch Town by sonographic examinations.Methods and Materials: Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Arba Minch town from February 1 to March 30, 2020. A multi-stage systematic and simple random sampling technique was applied to select study participants. Data was entered into Epi-Data version 3.1software and exported to SPSS version 20 software for analysis.Result: A total of 708 individuals, 390 (55.1%) males and 318 (44.9 %) females were included in the current study. The mean splenic length, width, thickness and volume were 10.24 cm, 4.79 cm, 3.93 cm, and 109.34 cm³, respectively. The mean spleen length, width, thickness and volumes among males were 10.64 cm, 4.92 cm, 4.05 cm and 119.81 cm³ and among females were 9.75 cm, 4.63 cm, 3.78 cm and 96.50 cm³ respectively. Significant negative correlations were found between age and spleen dimensions. Significant positive correlations were observed between spleen dimensions and height, weight, Body Mass Index, and Body Surface area. But, the correlation between width and body mass index was non-significant (p-value > 0.05).Conclusion and Recommendations: The spleen dimensions were higher in males than females and have a significant positive correlation with height, weight, Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area except for the width. Further studies in different parts of the country have to be done to have normative data on the dimension of Spleen in Ethiopia.

Introduction The spleen is a vital lymphoid soft organ that demands constant attention from the clinical point of view. It is a multi-dimensional organ that enlarges in its all dimensions during some disease condition. The detection of the spleen by palpation is not an indicator of an enlarged spleen because normal spleen may be palpable. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the morphometry of spleen dimensions and its determinants among individuals living in Arba Minch town by sonographic examinations. Methods and materials Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Arba Minch town from February 1 to March 30, 2020. Seven hundred and eight study participants were selected using a multi-stage systematic random sampling technique. Data were checked for completeness, edited, coded and entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and exported to STATA software version 16 for analysis. Result The mean splenic length, width, thickness and volume were 10.24 cm, 4.79 cm, 3.93 cm, and 109.34 cm3, respectively. The mean spleen length, width, thickness and volumes among males were 10.64 cm, 4.92 cm, 4.05 cm and 119.81 cm3 and among females were 9.75 cm, 4.63 cm, 3.78 cm and 96.50 cm3 respectively. As age increased by one year the mean spleen length, width, thickness and volume was decreased by 0.032 cm, 0.018 cm 0.004 cm and 0.012 cm respectively. As height increased by 1 cm the mean spleen width and volume were increased by 0.096 cm and 0.052 cm respectively. As we go from male to female the mean spleen length decreased by 0.294 cm. Conclusion The spleen dimensions were higher in males than females. Splenic length was determined by age & sex, the spleen width was determined by age & height, the spleen volume was determined by age & height and the spleen thickness was determined by age.

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Introduction: Limited Joint Mobility (LJM) is one of the long- term complications of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). It is a widespread problem among patients with DM, affecting more than two- thirds of diabetic patients. It is known that LJM predominantly affects the mobility of upper limb joints, especially those of the hand, and is often neglected until hand deformity is severe enough to interfere with daily life. Even though various studies in developed countries have revealed a significantly higher rate of LJM among diabetic patients, there is limited evidence in developing countries, specifically in Ethiopia. Aim: To assess LJM of the hand and associated factors among diabetic and non diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based, case control study was conducted on 240 participants in Arba Minch General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia from November 2018 to May 2019. The range of flexion and extension motions of individual hand joints {wrist, Metacarpophalangeal (MCP), first Interphalangeal (IP), Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP), and Distal Interphalangeal (DIP)} were measured by using a Goniometer. The collected data was entered into Epi (Epidemiological) Info version 3.2 and transferred to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for analysis. An independent t-test was conducted to compare the mean and standard deviations of hand joint motions among diabetic and non diabetic groups. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between the dependent and independent factors. The p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: A total of 234 participants (response rate of 97.5% ,117 diabetic cases and 117 non diabetic controls) were included in the study. The magnitude of LJM among diabetic cases was 17.1%, whereas in non diabetic controls, it accounted for 4.3%. The composite score mean (±SD) of hand flexion in diabetic patients was 1088.75±860, which is significantly lower (p<0.05) than in non diabetic patients, 1117.75±82.880, and hand extension in diabetic patients was 227.98±87.220, which was significantly lower than in non diabetic patients, 276.96±78.180. Age >50 years (AOR: 3.9 (1.14-13.36) with p=0.03) and co- morbidity with hypertension {AOR: 3.26 (1.02-10.41) with p=0.04} were identified as significant associated factors for LJM in diabetic patients. Conclusion: In diabetic patients, flexion and extension movements of hand joints were significantly reduced compared to those of non diabetic patients. Advanced age and co- morbidity with hypertension were significantly associated with LJM in the current study.

ntroduction: The sella turcica is an important anatomical landmark used for the diagnosis of sellar and parasellar pathology and the evaluation of craniofacial morphology. Sella turcica varies greatly in healthy individuals and a deviation in size and shape can be an indication of the pathology of the pituitary and craniofacial abnormality. Aim: To assess the morphometry of the sella turcica among computed tomography scanned individuals in Soddo Christian Hospital, Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: An institution-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2019 to October 2019. The data were collected from 496 randomly selected head computed tomography scanned images of individuals who visited the hospital from September 2018 to August 2019. Sella dimension was measured using the radiant DICOM viewer. Independent samples t-test was conducted to compare means among sex and one-way ANOVA was applied to compare the means among age groups. Results: The overall mean length, depth, and antero-posterior diameters were 10.226 mm, 7.124 mm and 11.892 mm, respectively. The evaluated mean length, depth and antero- posterior diameter of sella turcica among males were 10.262 mm, 7.015 mm and 11.849 mm and among females it was found 10.107 mm, 7.479 mm and 12.034 mm, respectively. In the present study, depth of the sella turcica had significant difference among males and females and also sella dimensions were seen to increase with age (p>0.05). Conclusion: Length and antero-posterior diameter were highest as compared to previous studies. Generally, the results of the present study were different from previous studies and further studies in different parts of the country needs to be done, to have normative data on the dimension of sella turcica in Ethiopia.

Background:The fetal life is a critical period in female fertility in which the germ cells complete proliferation, initiate meiosis and eventually form the life time reserve of primordial follicles. The age associated alteration in the ovaries being development, differentiation, follicular growth and stroma are indicators of reproductive capability. The present study was planned to study the gross and histological structure of human fetal ovary at different weeks of gestation.Materials and Methods: A total of twenty six human female fetuses of different age from 18 th to 36 th gestational week were used for the present study. The fetuses were dissected and the ovaries were removed along with the uterus. The ovaries separated from uterus, weighed, the length and breadth of the ovaries were measured with graph paper. The ovaries were processed for histological studies by fixing, embedding, section cutting, staining by standard methods. The ovarian sections were observed for lining epithelium, ovagirous cords, cortico-medullary differentiation and different stages of follicles by observing their structural architecture.Results: At the 18 th week of gestation the microscopic structure of fetal ovary showed capsule, numerous ovigerous cords and oogonia. At the 20 th week of gestation presence of primordial follicles were observed. At the 24 th week of gestation cortico-medullary differentiation was started. At the 26 th week of gestation primary follicles were clearly seen and the cortico-medullary differentiation was visible. At the 28 th week of gestation many primordial and primary follicles were seen near cortico-medullary junction. At the 30 th week of gestation cortico-medullary differentiation was clearly visible. At the 32 nd week of gestation the multilayered (secondary) follicles started appearing. At the 34 th week of gestation the antral follicles started appearing. At the 36 th week of gestation few pre-antral and 1 to 2 antral follicles were found at cortico-medullary junction. Conclusion:The present study concludes the presence of capsule at 18 th week, primordial folliclesat 20 th week, at 26 th week primary follicles, at 32 nd week secondary follicles and at 34 th week antral follicles.