Inflammasomes are multi-protein inflammatory platforms that induce caspase-1 activation and subsequently interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 processing. The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by different forms of oxidative stress, and based on the central role of IL-1β in the destruction of pancreatic islets, it could be related to the development of diabetes. We therefore investigated responses in wild-type C57Bl/6 (WT), NLRP3 and ASC mice after exposing islets to short-term hypoxia or alloxan induced islet damage. NLRP3 deficient islets compared to WT islets had preserved function ex vivo and were protected against hypoxia-induced cell death. Further, NLRP3 and ASC deficient mice were protected against oxidative stress-induced diabetes caused by repetitive low dose alloxan administration, and this was associated with reduced β-cell death and reduced macrophage infiltration. This suggests that the beneficial effect of NLRP3 inflammasome deficiency on oxidative stress-mediated β-cell damage could involve reduced macrophage infiltration and activation. To support the role of macrophage activation in alloxan-induced diabetes, we injected WT mice with liposomal clodronate which causes macrophage depletion prior to induction of a diabetic phenotype by alloxan treatment resulting in improved glucose homeostasis in WT mice. We show here that the NLRP3 inflammasome acts as a mediator of hypoxia and oxidative stress in insulin producing cells, suggesting that inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome could have beneficial effects on β-cell preservation.
The catalytic enzymes tankyrase 1 and 2 (TNKS1/2) alter protein turnover by poly-ADP-ribosylating target proteins, which earmark them for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasomal system. Prominent targets of the catalytic activity of TNKS1/2 include AXIN proteins, resulting in TNKS1/2 being attractive biotargets for addressing of oncogenic WNT/β-catenin signaling. Although several potent small-molecules have been developed to inhibit TNKS1/2, there are currently no TNKS1/2 inhibitors available in clinical practice. The development of tankyrase inhibitors has mainly been disadvantaged by concerns over biotarget-dependent intestinal toxicity and a deficient therapeutic window. Here we show that the novel, potent and selective 1,2,4-triazole-based TNKS1/2 inhibitor OM-153 reduces WNT/β-catenin signaling and tumor progression in COLO 320DM colon carcinoma xenografts upon peroral (PO) administration of 0.33-10 mg/kg twice daily (BID). In addition, OM-153 potentiates anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibition and anti-tumor effect in a B16-F10 mouse melanoma model. A 28-day repeated dose mouse toxicity study documents body weight loss, intestinal damage and tubular damage in the kidney after PO-BID administration of 100 mg/kg. In contrast, mice treated PO-BID with 10 mg/kg show an intact intestinal architecture and no atypical histopathological changes in other organs. In addition, clinical biochemistry and haematological analyses do not identify changes indicating substantial toxicity. The results demonstrate OM-153-mediated anti-tumor effects and a therapeutic window in a colon carcinoma mouse model ranging from 0.33 to at least 10 mg/kg, and provide a framework for using OM-153 for further preclinical evaluations.
<div><p>The catalytic enzymes tankyrase 1 and 2 (TNKS1/2) alter protein turnover by poly-ADP-ribosylating target proteins, which earmark them for degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasomal system. Prominent targets of the catalytic activity of TNKS1/2 include AXIN proteins, resulting in TNKS1/2 being attractive biotargets for addressing of oncogenic WNT/β-catenin signaling. Although several potent small molecules have been developed to inhibit TNKS1/2, there are currently no TNKS1/2 inhibitors available in clinical practice. The development of tankyrase inhibitors has mainly been disadvantaged by concerns over biotarget-dependent intestinal toxicity and a deficient therapeutic window. Here we show that the novel, potent, and selective 1,2,4-triazole–based TNKS1/2 inhibitor OM-153 reduces WNT/β-catenin signaling and tumor progression in COLO 320DM colon carcinoma xenografts upon oral administration of 0.33–10 mg/kg twice daily. In addition, OM-153 potentiates anti–programmed cell death protein 1 (anti–PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibition and antitumor effect in a B16-F10 mouse melanoma model. A 28-day repeated dose mouse toxicity study documents body weight loss, intestinal damage, and tubular damage in the kidney after oral–twice daily administration of 100 mg/kg. In contrast, mice treated oral–twice daily with 10 mg/kg show an intact intestinal architecture and no atypical histopathologic changes in other organs. In addition, clinical biochemistry and hematologic analyses do not identify changes indicating substantial toxicity. The results demonstrate OM-153–mediated antitumor effects and a therapeutic window in a colon carcinoma mouse model ranging from 0.33 to at least 10 mg/kg, and provide a framework for using OM-153 for further preclinical evaluations.</p>Significance:<p>This study uncovers the effectiveness and therapeutic window for a novel tankyrase inhibitor in mouse tumor models.</p></div>
<p>Supplementary Figure S1. Chemical structures of selected tankyrase inhibitors. Supplementary Figure S2. OM-153 specifically inhibits TNKS1/2 and WNT/β-catenin signaling. Supplementary Figure S3. OM-153 specifically inhibits cell growth of an APC-mutated colon carcinoma cell line. Supplementary Figure S4. OM-153 shows an anti-proliferative effect in human cancer cell lines. Supplementary Figure S5. OM-153 inhibits WNT/β-catenin, YAP and MYC signaling in human cancer cell lines. Supplementary Figure S6. OM-153 inhibits the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway and shows anti-tumor effect in a human colon carcinoma xenograft model. Supplementary Figure S7. Combined OM-153 and anti-PD-1 treatment confers anti-tumor effect in mouse melanoma. Supplementary Figure S8. PO-BID treatment with 10 mg/kg OM-153 does not reduce body weight and food consumption or induce toxicity in mice.</p>
<div><p>The catalytic enzymes tankyrase 1 and 2 (TNKS1/2) alter protein turnover by poly-ADP-ribosylating target proteins, which earmark them for degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasomal system. Prominent targets of the catalytic activity of TNKS1/2 include AXIN proteins, resulting in TNKS1/2 being attractive biotargets for addressing of oncogenic WNT/β-catenin signaling. Although several potent small molecules have been developed to inhibit TNKS1/2, there are currently no TNKS1/2 inhibitors available in clinical practice. The development of tankyrase inhibitors has mainly been disadvantaged by concerns over biotarget-dependent intestinal toxicity and a deficient therapeutic window. Here we show that the novel, potent, and selective 1,2,4-triazole–based TNKS1/2 inhibitor OM-153 reduces WNT/β-catenin signaling and tumor progression in COLO 320DM colon carcinoma xenografts upon oral administration of 0.33–10 mg/kg twice daily. In addition, OM-153 potentiates anti–programmed cell death protein 1 (anti–PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibition and antitumor effect in a B16-F10 mouse melanoma model. A 28-day repeated dose mouse toxicity study documents body weight loss, intestinal damage, and tubular damage in the kidney after oral–twice daily administration of 100 mg/kg. In contrast, mice treated oral–twice daily with 10 mg/kg show an intact intestinal architecture and no atypical histopathologic changes in other organs. In addition, clinical biochemistry and hematologic analyses do not identify changes indicating substantial toxicity. The results demonstrate OM-153–mediated antitumor effects and a therapeutic window in a colon carcinoma mouse model ranging from 0.33 to at least 10 mg/kg, and provide a framework for using OM-153 for further preclinical evaluations.</p>Significance:<p>This study uncovers the effectiveness and therapeutic window for a novel tankyrase inhibitor in mouse tumor models.</p></div>
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