Worldwide olive industry has expanded into new climatic regions outside the Mediterranean basin due to an increase in extra virgin olive oil demand posing new challenges. This is the case of Uruguay, South America, where the olive crop area reached 10,000 hectares in the last 15 years and is intended to the production of EVOO. Uruguay has a temperate humid climate with mean precipitations above 1,100 mm per year but unequally distributed, mild winters, and warm summers, with mean annual temperatures of 17.7°C. Different agroecological conditions require local knowledge to achieve good productivity whereby the objective of this work was to show the feasibility and potential of olive oil production under our climatic conditions. For this the agronomic performance of Arbequina, Barnea, Frantoio, Leccino, Manzanilla de Sevilla, and Picual cultivars was evaluated along 10 years of full production. Phenology behavior, vegetative growth rate, productive efficiency, alternate bearing, and oil yield were determined. Sprouting and flowering processes occur in a wide window within the annual cycle between the months of August to November with great interannual variation. More than 8 t/ha fruit yield and 40% oil yields in dry weight basis were obtained in promising cultivars. However, alternate bearing arose as the main production limiting factor, with ABI values greater than 0.60 for most cultivars. We conclude that olive oil production in humid climate regions is feasible and the most promising cultivars based on productive efficiency are Arbequina and Picual.
The expansion of olive orchards into regions with no tradition of olive production and humid climates, such as Uruguay, with more than 1200 mm of annual rainfall, calls into question the need for irrigation. In these regions, however, years with water deficit during summers are quite common. The vapor pressure deficit during summer is lower than in countries with a Mediterranean climate. The high variability in interannual water availability in the current context of climate change, with a growing tendency for extreme events to occur, emphasizes the need to evaluate the production response of olive trees to irrigation. To achieve this, three irrigation treatments were applied to Arbequina and Frantoio cultivars according to the value of the maximum crop evapotranspiration: a first treatment applying 100% ETc, corresponding to being fully irrigated; a second treatment applying 50% ETc; and a third treatment in which neither irrigation nor rain inputs occurred from the end of the pit hardening period until harvest. Results show the possibility of an increasing fruit weight and pulp/pit ratio through irrigation in the local environmental conditions. The oil content in response to irrigation was different within cultivars. Water restriction conditions did not affect the oil content of olives in Arbequina, while in Frantoio it increased it. Polyphenols in fruit increased under water stress for both cultivars. The technological applicability of the results obtained must be accompanied by an economic analysis. The results obtained highlight the need for better use of irrigation water during the growth and ripening phase of the olive fruit under a humid climate.
Sun damage on apples is attributed to the occurrence of high temperatures, incident radiation, and fruit and plant water parameters, all dependent on climatic conditions and management. The development of new production areas and climate changes increase the interest in studying the behavior of the fruit under different conditions. The effect on sun damage of three nets and two chemical protectants was evaluated in a commercial orchard of ‘Granny Smith’ in a neotropical climate during the 2012–2016 seasons. We recorded the evolution, incidence and severity of sunburn and sunscald. Fruit surface temperature, fruit size, sprouting and return to flowering was also recorded. Incident radiation and air temperature were considered for the assessment of the crop’s microclimate. The transmittance in PAR wavelength and the air temperature variation on netting treatments reached 0.4 and 9 °C, respectively. The fruit surface temperature for the White-Net and Black-Net-50% treatments was always lower than 46 °C. For the sun damaged fruits, the Black-Net-50% treatment showed the highest proportion of slightly sunburned fruits (94%) and the lowest proportion of heavy damages, with a sunscald index equal to or less than 2 (on a scale of 1–4) in all the tested conditions. In a neotropical climate, protectant applications did not reduce the incidence of sunburn, but with the use of nets it was possible to reduce both sunburn and sunscald without affecting growth processes dependent on leaf net assimilation.
19Virgin olive oil (VOO) represents the main source of unsaturated lipids in the 20 Mediterranean diet associated with low mortality. Health benefits of VOO rely on 21 its composition, mainly fatty acids and minor components such as polyphenols. 22 In addition, VOO contains nitro-fatty acids (NO 2 -FA), novel signaling mediators 23 exhibiting pleiotropic anti-inflammatory responses. Previous work from our group 24 reported the presence of nitro-oleic acid (NO 2 -OA), nitro-linoleic acid (NO 2 -LA) 25 and nitro-conjugated linoleic acid (NO 2 -cLA) in extra virgin olive oil under gastric 26 conditions. Herein, we analyzed the fatty acid profile, phenol, pigment and NO 2 - 27FA formation in two contrasting Uruguayan olive cultivars, Arbequina and 28 Coratina at two ripening conditions. We demonstrate that VOO fatty acid nitration 29 is dependent on olive cultivar as well as fruit ripening. Under gastric nitration 30 conditions, the presence of polyphenols in Arbequina VOO promoted fatty acid 31 nitration. In contrast, the absence of polyphenols favor lipid oxidation, decreasing 32 fatty acid nitration. In Coratina, where the content of polyphenolic compounds is 33 higher than in Arbequina, their absence did not affect the formation of NO 2 -FA. 34Coratina contains other bioactive constituents such as pigments that could play 35 an important role in protection of VOO from lipid oxidation. Overall, we postulate 36 that unsaponifiable constituents of VOO, e.g. polyphenols and pigments, 37 contribute to the formation of NO 2 -FA in gastric conditions, thus potentiating their 38 health beneficial 39 3 40 42 component in diets of high nutraceutical value. According to IOC data [1], the total 43 world consumption of olive oil increased by 55% between 1990 and 2000 and an 44 additional 25% between 2000 and 2010, remaining constant until 2018. This 45 represents an incremental difference of 80% in the last 28 years. This increase 46 responds to the knowledge generated about the health benefits of olive oils, 47which are attributed to its composition and the physical extraction process 48 distinguished as a natural fruit juice [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. The saponifiable 49 fraction represents 98% of the oil weight being oleic acid (18:1, OA) the fatty acid 50 in greater proportion between 55 and 83%. Linoleic acid (18:2, LA) can reach 51 20% and linolenic acid (18:3, LnA) up to 1%. The main saturated fatty acid is 52 palmitic acid (16:0, PA) with percentages between 7.5 and 20%, followed by 53 stearic acid (18:0, SA) from 0.5 to 5% [1]. The unsaponifiable fraction, which 54 represents approximately 2% of the total weight, includes chlorophylls, volatile 55 compounds, carotenoids and phenols, the latter being the main antioxidant 56 components in VOO. These compounds also define sensory quality, bitterness, 57 spiciness, aromas and are associated with human health benefits 58 [3,7,8,12,13,14,15,16]. Moreover, VOO contains a high monounsaturated fatty 59 acids (MUFA)/ polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio that confers...
Citrus species grown in temperate zones have sprouting inhibited in winter and this is retaken in spring when they also bloom. The main factor that defines the vegetative or reproductive destiny of the buds is the presence of fruits in development. Low winter temperatures slow plant metabolism, which has been reported as necessary for the expression of the reproductive program. During the winter period of the annual cycle, osmotically active compounds such as proline are increased as part of the cold tolerance response. We investigated whether the presence of developing fruit and the application of exogenous gibberellins affect the proline level in citrus leaves. In an orchard of adult ‘Montenegrina’ mandarin trees, leaf proline contents were measured over two rest periods for branches with or without fruits. Branches that bloomed, the ones that did not have developing fruits, had higher proline levels as well as higher proline: chlorophyll and proline: total amino acid ratios than did branches with fruits. However, the application of exogenous gibberellins, which reduced flowering, did not affect proline content during the same periods. We discuss the ways in which proline may be involved in floral induction in citrus.
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