Worldwide olive industry has expanded into new climatic regions outside the Mediterranean basin due to an increase in extra virgin olive oil demand posing new challenges. This is the case of Uruguay, South America, where the olive crop area reached 10,000 hectares in the last 15 years and is intended to the production of EVOO. Uruguay has a temperate humid climate with mean precipitations above 1,100 mm per year but unequally distributed, mild winters, and warm summers, with mean annual temperatures of 17.7°C. Different agroecological conditions require local knowledge to achieve good productivity whereby the objective of this work was to show the feasibility and potential of olive oil production under our climatic conditions. For this the agronomic performance of Arbequina, Barnea, Frantoio, Leccino, Manzanilla de Sevilla, and Picual cultivars was evaluated along 10 years of full production. Phenology behavior, vegetative growth rate, productive efficiency, alternate bearing, and oil yield were determined. Sprouting and flowering processes occur in a wide window within the annual cycle between the months of August to November with great interannual variation. More than 8 t/ha fruit yield and 40% oil yields in dry weight basis were obtained in promising cultivars. However, alternate bearing arose as the main production limiting factor, with ABI values greater than 0.60 for most cultivars. We conclude that olive oil production in humid climate regions is feasible and the most promising cultivars based on productive efficiency are Arbequina and Picual.
The expansion of olive orchards into regions with no tradition of olive production and humid climates, such as Uruguay, with more than 1200 mm of annual rainfall, calls into question the need for irrigation. In these regions, however, years with water deficit during summers are quite common. The vapor pressure deficit during summer is lower than in countries with a Mediterranean climate. The high variability in interannual water availability in the current context of climate change, with a growing tendency for extreme events to occur, emphasizes the need to evaluate the production response of olive trees to irrigation. To achieve this, three irrigation treatments were applied to Arbequina and Frantoio cultivars according to the value of the maximum crop evapotranspiration: a first treatment applying 100% ETc, corresponding to being fully irrigated; a second treatment applying 50% ETc; and a third treatment in which neither irrigation nor rain inputs occurred from the end of the pit hardening period until harvest. Results show the possibility of an increasing fruit weight and pulp/pit ratio through irrigation in the local environmental conditions. The oil content in response to irrigation was different within cultivars. Water restriction conditions did not affect the oil content of olives in Arbequina, while in Frantoio it increased it. Polyphenols in fruit increased under water stress for both cultivars. The technological applicability of the results obtained must be accompanied by an economic analysis. The results obtained highlight the need for better use of irrigation water during the growth and ripening phase of the olive fruit under a humid climate.
Objetivando caracterizar os efeitos das diferentes concentrações de fósforo e da presença de outros íons na cinética de absorção de radiofósforo, foram conduzidos ensaios em solução nutritiva, em condições ambientais controladas. Foram empregadas raízes destacadas de arrroz e feijão para os estudos com diferentes concentrações de fósforo no meio (10-7 M até 5 x 10-2 M) e para avaliar as interações promovidas por Mg+2, Al+3, K+, NH4+, N-NO3-, N-urêia no mecanismo de absorção por períodos de uma hora e meia a duas horas. Em plantas inteiras de arroz procurou-se avaliar os efeitos da presença de Mg e/ou alumínio na absorção e transporte de fósforo quando variava a concentração externa (1 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm e 20 ppm) por um período de 17 horas. Foi constatado um mecanismo duplo de absorção com as duas fases seguindo a cinética simples de Michaelis-Menten, e com ponto de transição entre 1-50x10-5. A transformada de dados segundo Hofstee adaptou-se melhor à interpretação dos dados experimentais. Feijão foi mais eficientes na absorção que arroz para a primeira fase (maior Vmax). Alumínio apresentou efeito estimulatório nítido na absorção de fósforo, promovendo porém, a fixação do ânion na raiz quando consideradas as concentrações mais baixas. Em concentrações altas de P, este último efeito não foi evidenciado. Magnésio não promoveu maior absorção, nem maior transporte do que K+; o mesmo aconteceu com as diferentes formas de nitrogênio. Uréia poderia ter um efeito depressivo maior, embora não significativo. Discutem-se os prováveis mecanismos envolvidos nestas respostas.
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