Cancer is the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, excluding infectious disease. Because of their lack of specificity in chemotherapy agents are used for cancer treatment, these agents have severe systemic side effects, and gradually lose their therapeutic effects because most cancers become multidrug resistant. Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) are relatively new agents that are being tested in cancer therapy. This review covers the various methods for the preparation and physicochemical characterization of PtNPs. PtNPs have been shown to possess some intrinsic anticancer activity, probably due to their antioxidant action, which slows tumor growth. Targeting ligands can be attached to functionalized metal PtNPs to improve their tumor targeting ability. PtNPs-based therapeutic systems can enable the controlled release of drugs, to improve the efficiency and reduce the side effects of cancer therapy. Pt-based materials play a key role in clinical research. Thus, the diagnostic and medical industries are exploring the possibility of using PtNPs as a next-generation anticancer therapeutic agent. Although, biologically prepared nanomaterials exhibit high efficacy with low concentrations, several factors still need to be considered for clinical use of PtNPs such as the source of raw materials, stability, solubility, the method of production, biodistribution, accumulation, controlled release, cell-specific targeting, and toxicological issues to human beings. The development of PtNPs as an anticancer agent is one of the most valuable approaches for cancer treatment. The future of PtNPs in biomedical applications holds great promise, especially in the area of disease diagnosis, early detection, cellular and deep tissue imaging, drug/gene delivery, as well as multifunctional therapeutics.

The development and rapid progression of cancer are major social problems. Medical diagnostic techniques and smooth clinical care of cancer are new necessities that must be supported by innovative diagnostic methods and technologies. Current molecular diagnostic tools based on the detection of blood protein markers are the most common tools for cancer diagnosis. Biosensors have already proven to be a cost-effective and accessible diagnostic tool that can be used where conventional laboratory methods are not readily available. Paper-based biosensors offer a new look at the world of analytical techniques by overcoming limitations through the creation of a simple device with significant advantages such as adaptability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of use, large surface-to-volume ratio, and cost-effectiveness. In this review, we covered the characteristics of exosomes and their role in tumor growth and clinical diagnosis, followed by a discussion of various paper-based biosensors for exosome detection, such as dipsticks, lateral flow assays (LFA), and microfluidic paper-based devices (µPADs). We also discussed the various clinical studies on paper-based biosensors for exosome detection.

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Eu doped zinc sulfide quantum dots (QDs) were prepared by the chemical Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared Fourier transform (FT-IR) analysis were used to characterize the quantum dots. The size of nano-crystals was estimated using a Williamson Hall equation.Then, the synthesized nanoparticles were studied to investigate the antibacterial effect, containing different strains of pathogenic bacteria, and the lowest inhibitory concentration and halo diameter were calculated. WilliamsonHall equation of about 6 nm with a strain of 0.7 nm, which is match with the reported size of the SEM image.The photoluminescence spectrum (PL) of ZnS:Eu QD in excitation wavelength of 280 nm shows two emission peaks at 384 and 715 nm. In order to use these QDs as photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy, anthracene and methylene blue chemical detectors were used for detection of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical, respectively.The significant point for these quantum dots is that, in addition to production of hydroxyl radical, they also have the ability to produce singlet oxygen with UVC radiation. The antimicrobial effect of ZnS:Eu QDs was also investigated using a disc diffusion method on 11 microbial strains. The results of this test showed that Two microorganisms S.dysenteriae, Serotype that were resistant to the antibiotic nystatin and showed the highest sensitivity to ZnS:Eu QDs.

Background & Objective: In recent years, the proliferation of microbial organisms has increased alarmingly, and the overuse of various antibiotics against microorganisms has increased drug resistance. On the other hand, the need to reduce health costs, the production of antimicrobials with low costs, and the basic needs of today’s human society have become. This led to a large-scale study of new drugs against microorganisms and the use of nanoparticles as antibacterial agents were considered. This study aimed to use biocompatible carbon quantum dots (CQDs) nanoparticles instead of antibiotics resistant to gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Materials & Methods: Fluorescent carbon quantum dots were extracted from natural lemon juice using the hydrothermal approach. Analyzes of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), photoluminescence (PL), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). CQDs were investigated on ten types of microorganisms by the microwell dilution method. In this study, the minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined. Results: Fluorescent CQDs less than 5 nm in size were fabricated and confirmed by structural and microscopic analysis. This test showed that four microorganisms B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. pyogenes and C. albicans were resistant to the antibiotic nystatin and showed the highest sensitivity to CQDs, the lowest MIC and MBC for CQDs are 250 µg/ml and 1000 µg/ml. Conclusions: In general, the results obtained from this study can claim that CQDs have antibacterial properties and can be introduced after further studies as candidates are used to treat or prevent a variety of infections caused by microorganisms.