Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is chief plant parasitic nematode of various crops globally. Meanwhile, the negative side effects on human health and environmental concerns associated with haphazard uses of chemical nematicides. Hence, the search for a safe and effective approach is more relevant. The present study was aimed to evaluate the nematicidal potential of Snef1216 (Penicillium chrysogenum) against M. incognita at different concentrations (5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and with the nutritious medium. The egg hatching inhibition and mortality of second stage juveniles of M. incognita were assessed after 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h exposure. Results revealed that egg hatching inhibition and percent mortality of M. incognita increased with increasing concentration and exposure time. The highest mortality of juveniles was recorded at 100% conc. i.e., 24.20%, 36%, 66%, 78% and 97.8% at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. The highest ovicidal activity was recorded at 100% concentration with 5.20% of eggs hatching. The outcome suggested that Snef1216 (P. chrysogenum) resulted in the lowest LC 50 value was recorded as 3718.496 at 6 h exposure period followed by 10479.87, 11186.682, 14838.58 and 24001.430 at 72, 12, 48 and 24 h respectively via ovicidal assay. Whereas, in the larvicidal assay, the lowest LC 50 value demonstrated at 72 h being 17.628% exposure period followed by 28.345, 50.490, 215.710 and 482.595% at 48, 24, 12 and 6 h respectively. It is concluded that Snef1216 has potential being used as a biocontrol agent against M. incognita and can serve as a source of a novel nematicidal agent of fungal origin. Plant parasitic nematodes cause severe losses to the variety of crops by affecting their growth and yield 1. They can easily damage the crops not only by feeding but also develop the association with other organisms possess a risk to agriculture globally with an estimated annual loss reached to 100-150 billion US dollars, more than half the losses only occurred by root-knot nematodes 2. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are sedentary obligate endoparasitic in nature and are one of the major restraints in the production of economically important crops 3,4. Meloidogyne belongs to the one of the most damaging genus of root-knot nematodes owing to their polyphagous nature 5,6. However, four common species of this genus, i.e. Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. hapla and M. javanica have been reported as hazardous 7. Among these species, M. incognita is the most damaging due to its extensive host range, high reproduction rate, the capability to produce complicated diseases with other pathogens and short generation time 8. Plants are infested by root-knot nematodes showed the galls or knots on roots 9 which disrupt the uptake of water and mineral, resulting in wilting of the plant, chlorosis, reduced tillering, excessive root branching, immature fruit drop, drying of leaf and stunted growth 10-12. Its infection has the ability to reduce chlorophyll contents and alter numerous biochemical such as ami...
Antioxidants are the radical scavengers that inhibit peroxidation and other free-radical processes, which in return safeguard different organisms from various diseases attributed to radical reactions. Synthetic antioxidants inhibit free radicals, but they also have harmful side effects. However, mycochemicals of natural fungal origin are safe and best substitutes for harmful synthetic chemical antioxidants. The prime objectives of the study include appropriate qualitative and quantitative mycochemical screening, antioxidant potential, and chemical composition of Snef1216 (Penicillium chrysogenum). The study has used aluminium chloride colourimetric method, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent assay, and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) for analysis of total flavonoid content and phenol content and antioxidant activity, respectively. However, the presence of biologically active compounds was screened through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantitative analysis demonstrated the existence of flavonoids, glycosides, flavones, saponins, phenols, and catecholic tannins excluding alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and gallic tannins. The outcomes exposed total flavonoid content and phenolic content in P. chrysogenum were 85.31 ± 1.23 mg·QE/g and 135.77 ± 1.14 mg·GAE/g, respectively. Snef1216 (P. chrysogenum) displayed the highest free-radical scavenging activity with 63.86% inhibition of DPPH. The analysis confirms that Snef1216 (P. chrysogenum) is an alternative source of natural antioxidants. The obtained data have provided the foundation for its use in agricultural, environmental, and pharmaceutical industries.
Summary The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is a destructive pathogen with a broad host range, causing serious damage to cucumber globally. Synthetic chemical nematicides are effective for controlling nematodes but they pose harmful effects on the environment and human beings. Thus, the development of natural plant defence mechanisms to contribute resistance to M. incognita is a potentially eco-friendly alternative. In recent decades, the biocontrol activity of P. chrysogenum against various pests and pathogens has been investigated in a variety of plants. The present study aimed to understand the molecular mechanisms of induced resistance by P. chrysogenum strain Snef1216 against M. incognita through its use as seed coating. The expression of 80 genes in roots of cucumber, Cucumis sativus, at four different infection time intervals was examined. Genes belonging to defence, signal transduction, growth, binding and transportation, secondary metabolism, transcription factor, cell death, oxidoreductases and cell wall modification categories were selected and examined with specific primers via RT-qPCR. The greater expression of defence-related or other vital genes demonstrated that P. chrysogenum strain Snef1216 induced priming of defence and plant growth-promoting responses. These data could contribute to breeding new nematode-resistant and biomass-enhancing cultivars of cucumber. Overall, application of P. chrysogenum strain Snef1216 may be a potential alternative to chemical nematicides as part of a future more effective management strategy.
Background: Tomato root-knot nematode is a soil-borne disease caused by Meloidogyne incognita. Enhancement of natural plant-defense mechanisms to provide resistance against pathogens may be a promising alternative environmentally friendly nematode management approach. Recently, the biocontrol effect against different pathogens in the presence of Penicillium chrysogenum has been reported in a wide range of plants and pathogens. For understanding the molecular mechanisms of the resistance induced by P. chrysogenum Snef1216 to RKN, transcriptomes of inducer control ‘IRCK’ (induced by Snef1216 only) and pathogen + inducer ‘IRN’ were compared to those of control groups, namely negative control ‘CKCK’ (no inoculum), pathogen control ‘CKN’ (inoculum of RKN only).Results: Numerous high-quality reads were generated by Novogene, means of the RNA-seq method. After being aligned to the reference genome, four comparative transcriptomic profile maps between any pairwise comparisons were obtained to find significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and three databases of induced resistance (IR)-related, nematode pathogenesis (NP)-related and basal resistance (BR)-related genes were gotten. By hierarchal clustering, the phylogenetic relationship between highly and fewer DGEs were obtained and classified the resistance and susceptible responses into two clusters after inoculation with RKN. Finally, the results were verified by RT-qPCR and analysis of important plant defense enzymes.Conclusions: Within an integrated and more sustainable management approach, the use of biocontrol organisms, like P. chrysogenum, seems to be a promising alternative.
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