Qiwei Tongbi oral liquid (QWTB), a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula, is widely used to treat arthritis‐related diseases in clinical practice. Currently, in vivo metabolic characteristics and pharmacokinetic studies are lacking. This study analyzed the prototype components of QWTB absorbed in the blood and their metabolic transformation process after intragastric administration and compared the differences in pharmacokinetic properties between healthy and rheumatoid arthritis model rats. In sum, 17 prototype components and 21 related metabolites were identified in the plasma and urine of the treated rats. Metabolites were derived from sinomenine and magnoflorine. Through systematic methodology verification, an accurate and stable detection method for sinomenine and magnoflorine in plasma samples was established and applied to pharmacokinetic research of QWTB. At the three dose levels, the AUC0–∞ (area under the curve) of the two components showed a good positive correlation with the dose (R2 > 0.9). Compared with healthy rats, the Tmax, t1/2z, and AUC of sinomenine were markedly increased, and Cmax was decreased in rheumatoid arthritis model rats, indicating that the rate of absorption and elimination rate decreased, but the body exposure increased. However, there were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of magnoflorine under healthy and pathological conditions. In summary, the main active ingredients of QWTB are sinomenine and magnoflorine, which exhibit linear kinetic characteristics within a set dose range, and the rheumatoid arthritis pathological state is more conducive to the absorption and efficacy of sinomenine. The results of this study demonstrate the rationality of the clinical application of the QWTB.
In our daily life, gender difference usually causes problems and conflicts in the conversations between male and female, therefore, in the intercultural communication, inter-gender communication is a topic that experts and scholars pay much attention to. Through exploring the gender differences of Chinese college students' speech act of refusal, the paper aims to help people know more about themselves and others' communication styles, and to make the cross-gender communication proceeds more smoothly and effectively. This paper adopts methods of questionnaire and interview, analyzing the differences between male and female college students in the selection of refusal strategy in different situations, while involving some external factors' influence on male and female students' refusal strategy. The research finds that both of male and female students tend to use indirect refusal strategies, and different refusal strategies are used when students faces different initiating acts, but female students are more indirect and polite generally. Introduction Research Background Speech act theory was firstly put forward by Austin(1962) and developed by Searle (1975), and it has become an important issue in the research of modern pragmatics. Refusal is a common speech act in our daily life. Refusal means saying no to a request, suggestion, invitation or offer, which is negative to the interlocutor who requests, suggests, invites, or offers something. The form and content of the speech act of refusal can be influenced by many factors, such as gender, age, social status and power distance. Gender difference usually causes problems and conflicts in daily conversations between male and female. In the situation of refusal, they may also choose different ways. The research merely on the speech act of refusal or gender difference have been done previously, however, little attention is given to the gender difference on students' speech act of refusal. Therefore, gender is an important factor which is worthy studying and it is necessary to explore how and why male and female differ in their speech act of refusal so as to better understand their thinking modes and communicative habits. Purpose and Significance The present study uses the methods of questionnaire and interview to examine male and female students' speech act of refusal in different situations. The paper's purpose is to explore whether there are differences between male and female students' speech act of refusal and what the internal causes are. The significance of this paper is that through analyzing the gender differences in Chinese college students' speech act of refusal, the paper can help male and female know more about themselves and each other, then promote the cross-gender communication in our daily life. Global Structure This paper begins with a brief introduction. The second part provides an overview of previous studies on refusal and gender difference, followed by the introduction and related research on the theoretical basis: Speech Act Theory. Then the method...
The rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry is accompanied by high organic and nutrient loadings from formulated feeds. This leads to water deterioration and pathogenic microorganisms. Natural biota (e.g., bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and zoobenthos) in ponds form important parts of cultured aquatic animals’ diets. They contain essential proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids and are considered promising supplementary nutrition sources for cultured aquatic animals. Particularly, they are available to aquatic animals throughout the day, and an adequate supply of them as starter foods during the larvae stage ensures high survival. Since formulated feeds constitute more than 50% of aquaculture production costs, optimizing the utilization of natural biota and reducing dietary nutrient input without compromising animals’ growth should be a priority to improve the economic success and sustainability of aquaculture. From this scenario, the present review offers an updated view of the natural biota category in aquaculture systems, their nutritional components, and their contributions to the growth of cultured aquatic animals. Taken together, this review emphasizes the significant roles of natural biota playing in the growth of aquatic animals and encourages maximizing utilization of natural biota to improve feed conversion efficiency and aquaculture sustainability.
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