In comparison to other non-parasitic basal lineages, Apocrita have consistently demonstrated a greatly accelerated rate of gene rearrangement. A number of mechanisms or correlates have been proposed for this observation, such as oxidative stress tolerated by exposure to the host immune system might lead to a high proportion of rearranged mt-genomes. Our studies reveal that gene rearrangements involving the protein-coding gene are present in the basal Hymenoptera lineage based on enriched sampling. We speculate the processes of diversification of rearrangements in the vicinity of nad2 involved tRNAs and NCRs by producing the chronogram of diprionids. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between rearranged genes and their nucleotide sequences. In conclusion, we demonstrate the great potential of gene order and associated sequence features as phylogenetic markers in the study of Hymenoptera evolution, offering a new perspective on studying organisms that undergo frequent gene rearrangements.
Vehicular Edge Computing (VEC) provides users with low-latency and highly responsive services by deploying Edge Servers (ESs) close to applications. In practice, vehicles are usually moving rapidly. To ensure the continuity of services, edge service migration technology is in high need, by which an application, infrastructure or any edge-hosted applications or services are not locked into a single vendor and allowed to shift between different edge resource vendors. Nevertheless, due to their complex and dynamic nature, real edge computing environments are error and fault prone and thus the reliability of edge service migrations can be easily compromised if the proactive measures are not taken to counter failures at different levels. In this paper, we propose a novel fault-tolerant approach for Dynamic Redundant Path Selection service migration (DRPS). The DRPS approach consists of path selection algorithm and service migration algorithm. The path selection algorithm is capable of evaluating time-varying failure rates of ESs by leveraging a sliding window-based model and identifying a set of service migration paths. The service migration algorithm incorporates resubmission and replication mechanisms as well and decides edge service migration schemes by choosing multiple redundant migration paths. We also conduct extensive simulations and show that our proposed method outperforms traditional solutions by 17.45%, 13.17%, and 7.22% in terms of ACT, TCR, and AFC, respectively.
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