This study is based on the Tire and Rim Association (TRA) load formula, which introduced the relationship between static load and sinking force of the tire. It also established the mathematical model of the cord tension of any layer of the tire ring beam. A finite element model for a 195/65 R15 radial tire is established with the nonlinear analysis software ABAQUS, based on the tire structure and cord parameters. The calculated value from the TRA formula, simulated value and the experimental result demonstrates high consistency for the value of load sinking. Finite element simulation and experimental results of the load-versus-inflatable-section-width relation were compared, yielding little difference between the results. A similar analysis studies the change in the wavelength of sidewall standing waves at different vehicle velocities during high-speed tire-rolling. The value from simulation and the experimental results demonstrate high consistency, concluding that the wavelength of sidewall standing waves increases with vehicle velocity during high-speed tire-rolling. Thus, the accuracy of the finite element model is verified under both static and dynamic conditions. Based on the finite element model of the impact of change on velocity, load and tire pressure on tire cord stress, it can be concluded that with the increase in the speed and the tire pressure, the stress developed on cord increases and the impact of the load on it is lighter. Establishing the relationship between standing wave phenomenon and tire structural stress, it provides a certain mechanical basis for tire designers.
This paper elaborates on the production mechanisms of standing waves during high-speed tire rolling and analyzes the relationship between the change of wavelength of sidewall waves and the vehicle velocity, from an oblique wave point of view. A finite element model for a 195/65R15 radial tire is established with the nonlinear analysis software ABAQUS, based on the tire structure and cord parameters. This paper comparatively analyzes the finite element simulation results and experimental results of the tire load-sinkage relation and the load vs inflatable section width relation and finds little difference between the simulation and experimental results. A similar analysis studies the change in the wavelength of sidewall standing waves at different vehicle velocities during high-speed tire rolling. The calculated value by the oblique wave approach, the value by simulation, and the experimental results demonstrate high consistency, concluding that during high-speed tire rolling, the wavelength of sidewall standing waves increases with vehicle velocity. Thus, the accuracy of the finite element model is verified under both static and dynamic conditions. Under a constant tire pressure and load, the impact of velocity change on tire-cord stress during high-speed tire rolling is studied based on the finite element model so as to identity the relation between the cord stress and standing waves.
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyse the recently highly debated topics of the Tax avoidance–Corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance nexus and to further investigate the impacts of engaging in socially responsible activities on financial performance and bank debt financing constraints, at a disaggregate level (firm level).Design/methodology/approachThe sample for this study includes all publicly listed companies headquartered in BRICS countries from 2014 to 2020. The study employs detailed financial accounting information and the Environmental, Social and Governance scores released by Thomas Reuters EIKON database, which is regarded as the most authoritative indicator of CSR performance. Both pooled and panel data regression models are employed, and robustness tests that use a wide range of model specifications, measures and estimators are performed.FindingsThe study finds robust evidence that corporate tax avoidance is negatively associated with CSR performance. The authors also find that firms with better CSR performance have healthier financial performance and lower costs of bank debt. Overall, the research findings are supportive of the corporate culture theory, which suggests that firms behave ethically consistent in both CSR practices and tax payment.Originality/valueCSR performance and the engagement of tax avoidance activities have been documented in the literature to be vital elements investors care about. This study focuses specifically on the association between them and further elaborates their impacts in the financial markets. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study which investigates the nexus in a sample that includes the most powerful emerging markets in the world. The results of this study are generalisable in terms of the implications of CSR management to many other emerging markets.
A facile method for manufacturing super hydrophobic surfaces is presented using the stainless steel wire mesh as templates. The rough surfaces of polymers including polycarbonate, polypropylene and PMMA are prepared with hot embossing on different specifications of stainless steel wire mesh. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results reveal that the surfaces roughness of the polymers can be controlled by selecting templates. Contact angle measurement shows that the water contact angles(WCA) rise with the increase of surface roughness, especially, the water contact angle on the PC surfaces prepared with specifications of 635mesh screen can reach to 152.3°, alias super hydrophobic surfaces.
In view of the high order, nonlinear characteristics of target trajectory, control strategy is proposed for a kind of RBF neural network and polynomial interpolation combining. According to the specific requirements of trajectory planning, the manipulator in joint space variables are expressed as one or two order derivative function by polynomial interpolation algorithm, then the RBF neural network is used for tracking the target trajectory. Finally, through MATLAB simulation, the accuracy of this method is verified.
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