We report an approach that polymerizable handle-modified nanosized metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are used as independent monomers to be covalently organized by crosslinking molecules (CLMs) into an orderly MOF-assembled hybrid monolithic stationary phase, overcoming the respective problems of previously reported MOF-mixed or embedded stationary phases so far. It has a hierarchical micro-, meso-, and macropore structure throughout the monolithic matrix that is donated from MOF themselves, formed via CLM crosslinking in-between MOFs and expended by porogenic solvents, and a tunable surface chemistry derived inherently from MOFs, regulated by CLMs and initiated by the mobile phases as well. Such a pore structure and surface chemistry display multiplex interactions of sieving and electrostatic repulsion in addition to the polarity-based interactions that synergistically govern the partitioning way and degree of target molecules between the stationary and mobile phases, thus offering the ability to simultaneously separate small and large molecules during one chromatographic run on a nano-flow capillary high-performance liquid chromatography platform. A baseline mutual separation with the HETP and R s of, for example, 9.2 μm butylbenzene and 4.56 (butylbenzene and pentylbenzene), 7.9 μm (phenylalanine) and 3.50 (tryptophan and phenylalanine), and 7.0 μm (myoglobin) and 1.91 (bovine serum albumin and myoglobin) was achieved when UiO-66/NHmethacrylate was exemplified as a model of MOFs and 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate and stearyl methacrylate together as CLMs. Not limited to the MOFs and CLMs demonstrated here, other available MOFs and CLMs or newly designed and synthesized ones are expected to be used for constructing one's own desired monolithic stationary phases toward her/his particular purposes.
Copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with vinyl acetate (VAc) is conducted by manganic pyrophosphate initiation and starch catalysis. The copolymer is characterized by IR spectra, 1HNMR spectra, and gel permeation chromatography. The influences of reaction conditions, including the pH value, initiator concentration, monomer concentration, reaction temperature, and the reaction time, on the yield of poly(MMA-co-VAc) copolymer are investigated. Comparative experiments are carried out without the addition of starch under the same conditions. The mechanism of the catalysis of starch is speculated based on experimental results.
The goal of this article is to assess the current emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) from the Thai agricultural system and its regional distribution characteristics. The nitrous oxide emissions from crop cultivation and manure management processes in each region of the country were evaluated using the recommended methodology of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), together with official statistics. In terms of spatial distribution, nitrous oxide emissions differed significantly among regions, with the largest emissions in the central region, followed by the northern and northeastern regions and the smallest emissions in the southern region. Given the characteristics of the agricultural and livestock industries in Thailand, it is recommended to improve field management measures through a reasonable application of nitrogen and better irrigation models. To reduce nitrous oxide emissions by appropriately adjusting the farming structure, improving the storage environment and improving manure treatment, and explore new low-carbon farming models such as combined farming and recycling to achieve nitrous oxide emission reduction and scientific control.
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