of chlorine dioxide as a bactericide. Appl. Microbiol. 13:776-780. 1965-We found chlorine dioxide to be a more effective disinfectant than chlorine in sewage effluent at pH 8.5. Chlorine dioxide was also found to be a more stable bactericide in relation to pH in the range studied.

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Survival data are presented for a fecal strain of Escherichia coli exposed to three concentrations of chlorine dioxide at four temperatures. Chick's first-order reaction equation is generalized to a pseudo n th-order model. Nonlinear least squares curve-fitting of the survival data to the n th order model was performed on an analogue computer. The data were observed to follow fractional order kinetics with respect to survival concentration, with an apparent activation energy of 12,000 cal/mole. Initial experiments support the thesis that the mechanism of chlorine dioxide kill occurs via disruption of protein synthesis.

PUBLIC HEALTH BRIEFS partially offset at age 17. Crash involvement of 17-year-olds per 100,000 licensed drivers was much greater in New Jersey (86) than in Connecticut (53). However, the per capita rates are not very different because only 53 per cent of New Jersey's 17-year-olds were licensed in [1975][1976][1977][1978][1979][1980], whereas 77 per cent of Connecticut's 17-year-olds were. Delaying licensure until age 17 also delays licensure among 17-yearolds. New Jersey has the lowest rate of 17-year-olds licensed in the United States.The higher fatal crash involvement rate of 17-year-old drivers in New Jersey is compatible with the driver inexperience hypothesis, but may have other explanations. Whatever the case, the data based on 16-and 17-year-olds combined indicate that the net effect of New Jersey's law is strongly positive.In contrast, the data do not permit any conclusions concerning Massachusetts' 161/2-year-old licensure law. It apparently reduces the fatal crash involvement rate of 16-year-old-drivers, but is associated with a total motor vehicle death rate for 16-year-olds which is higher than that in Connecticut.Teenagers contribute disproportionately to highway deaths, both their own and others.4 6 The present study suggests that raising the minimum driving age from 16 to 17 (but not to 161/2) would reduce substantially the fatal crash involvement of 16-year-olds. cancer mortality rates in both sexes. In males, the rise and fall in smoking prevalence was followed by a rise and recent fall in cancer rates. In females, the later rise in smoking prevalence has been accompanied by a rise in cancer rate, and a recent slight decline in smoking rate has been associated with a slowing of the rise in cancer rate. (Am J Public Health 1984; 74:1403-1404 If there is an important biologic connection between cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer, then it should be possible to show that change in cigarette usage by a population over time is associated with similar change in pancreatic cancer mortality rate. mortality trends. The purpose of this report is to bring together both such sets of data. REFERENCES MethodsThe proportion of US adults by sex who were cigarette smokers was obtained for 1920-65 from the report by Burbank4 and for 1970-78 from that of Moss.5 Burbank's data were for people aged 18 and over, while the Moss data were for people aged 17 and over.Temporal trends in US age-adjusted pancreatic cancer mortality rates by race and sex from 1935 to 1973-74 were obtained from the paper of Devesa and Silverman.6 Age-, race-, and sex-specific data for the US population in 1978 were supplied by the Bureau of the Census and similar data on pancreatic cancer deaths were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics so that age-adjusted rates by sex and race could be calculated, using the 1950 total population age distribution for a standard as Devesa and Silverman did.Burbank did not provide smoking prevalence rates by race. The data reported by Moss for 1978 show little difference between Whites ...

We found chlorine dioxide to be a more effective disinfectant than chlorine in sewage effluent at p H 8.5. Chlorine dioxide was also found to be a more stable bactericide in relation to p H in the range studied.