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Soil erosion is the primary process driving land degradation. Using multiple scales of management to minimize soil erosion is crucial to achieve land degradation neutrality targets within the Sustainable Development Goals agenda. Land management (LM) influences both onsite and off-site erosion on the event-scale and over the long-term. However, each LM differs in effectiveness depending on the temporal scale considered. In order to understand how LM effects internal and external catchment dynamics, we apply LandSoil, a physically based landscape evolution model, to evaluate 7 LM scenarios over long-(30 years) and short-terms (event scale). LM scenarios included changes in land use and/or landscape structure. Under current LM, mean surface soil erosion was ~ 0.69 ± 39•10 -3 m over 30 years. In contrast, a single extreme event (435 mm/24h) in January resulted in ~ 0.62 ± 3•10 -3 m loss and ~ 0.04 ± 2•10 -3 m if it occurred in October. Heterogeneous patterns of erosion and deposition developed after 30 years, whereas extreme events dominantly showed soil loss and high catchment connectivity. Effectiveness of LM in erosion mitigation and sediment trapping differed according to temporal and spatial scales for each scenario. We concluded that multiple temporal and spatial scales must be incorporated in order to adaptively manage land degradation and meet neutrality targets.

International audienceThe purpose of this study is to propose a methodological essay for defining evolutionary trajectories of channel planforms and to examine the channel change in the middle Garonne River (southwest France) over a 130-year period. The study focuses on a reach of ~90 km situated downstream from the city of Toulouse. A set of four historical maps (1868, 1940s, 1970s, and 2000s) is used to build a geomorphometric diachronic database. Data processing through mixed multiple factor analysis (MFAmix) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) allows distinction between four homogeneous zones within the study reach, depending on their evolutionary trajectories. Channel behavior in the upstream and median zones evolved as of the beginning of the study period (narrowing of the fluvial area, colonization by vegetation, and removal of alluvial bars), likely owing to punctual anthropogenic actions. The downstream zone is characterized by stabilization of the channel and alluvial bar removal over the second half of the twentieth century, coinciding with the campaign undertaken by French local authorities between 1960 and 1984 to protect river banks. The role of ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT climate transition between the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the onset of the Global Warming period (GW) is also discussed. Results generally are consistent with the chronology established for most European rivers

Géohistoire des risques et des patrimoines naturels fluviaux Construction géohistorique du « sauvage » de la Garonne toulousaine : quelle part de naturalité dans les paysages fluviaux ? (1 ère partie) Geohistorical construction of the "wild" of the middle valley of the Garonne (near of Toulouse

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Géohistoire des risques et des patrimoines naturels fluviaux Construction géohistorique du « sauvage » de la Garonne toulousaine : quelle part de naturalité dans les paysages fluviaux ? (2 ème partie) Geohistorical construction of the "wild" of the middle valley of the Garonne (near of Toulouse

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