-(Botanical teaching at the Elementary School: studying the pollen through multimodes). The objective of this study is to investigate the use of multi-modal representation as a didactic strategy to facilitate the significant learning of seventh-grade elementary school students about the pollen theme, using conceptual maps in a evaluation. Students have developed conceptual maps a priori and a posteriori classes with multi-modal representation. We verified that the multi-modal representation provides a significant learning about botany contents and concept maps can be used as the evaluation tool.
We analyzed the pollen morphology of ten species belonging to nine genera of the Asteraceae family, with one species belonging to the Anthemideae tribe (Matricaria chamomilla L.), three belonging to the Eupatorieae [Chromolaena laevigata (Lam.) R. M. King & H. Rob., Mikania micrantha Kunth and Vittetia orbiculata (DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.], two to the Inuleae (Achillea millefolium L. and Gnaphalium purpureum L.), two to the Mutiseae [Chaptalia integerrima (Vell.) Burkart and Chaptalia graminifolia (Dusén ex Malme) Cabrera], and two species belonging to the Senecioneae tribe [Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. and Senecio brasiliensis (Spreng.) Less.]. We used acetolysis to carry out the palynological analysis and pollen grains were studied under light and scanning electron microscopy. The tribes were considered eurypalynous, whose morphological detail allowed the subdivision of species in four groups related to pollen types Anthemis, Eupatorium, Centaurea and Senecio, previously defi ned in the literature.
-(Pollen morphology of species of Asteraceae with medicinal utility from the region of Campos Gerais, Ponta Grossa, Paraná State, Brazil). We analyzed the pollen morphology of ten medicinal species of Asteraceae (Achillea millefolium L., Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., Bidens pilosa L., Chromolaena laevigata (Lam.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Matricaria chamomilla L., Senecio brasiliensis Less (Spreng.), Solidago chilensis Meyen., and Sonchus oleraceus L.) occurring in that region. The pollen grains showed common morphological characteristics such as the presence of 3(4)-colpori and lalongate endoapertures, differing in dimensions of the structures, exine structure, and aspect of the spines. The Asteraceae showed eurypalynous pattern in the region of Campos Gerais and the formed groups can be used in research requiring botanical certification by Palynology in medicinal products derived from flowers of this family. Keywords: Asteraceae, medicinal plants, palynotaxonomy, pollen grains RESUMO -(Palinologia de espécies de Asteraceae de utilidade medicinal para a região dos Campos Gerais, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil). No presente trabalho foi analisada a morfologia polínica de dez espécies medicinais da família Asteraceae (Achillea millefolium L., Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., Bidens pilosa L., Chromolaena laevigata (Lam.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Matricaria chamomilla L., Senecio brasiliensis Less (Spreng.), Solidago chilensis Meyen. e Sonchus oleraceus L.) ocorrentes na referida região. Os grãos de pólen apresentaram características morfológicas comuns como presença de 3(4)-cólporos, endoaberturas lalongadas, diferindo nas dimensões das estruturas, estrutura da exina e no aspecto dos espinhos. A família Asteraceae se mostrou euripolínica na região dos Campos Gerais e os agrupamentos formados podem ser utilizados nas pesquisas que necessitem da certificação botânica pela Palinologia de produtos medicinais oriundos de flores dessa família. Palavras-chave: Asteraceae, grãos de pólen, plantas medicinais, palinotaxonomia IntroduçãoSegundo o Ministério da Saúde (Brasil, 2006), a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) reconhece que grande parte da população dos países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, depende da medicina tradicional, tendo em vista que 80% desta população utilizam práticas alternativas nos seus cuidados básicos de saúde e 85% destes utilizam plantas medicinais ou preparações das mesmas. Segundo a OMS, a medicina tradicional engloba o conhecimento técnico e os procedimentos baseados nas teorias, crenças e experiências indígenas de diferentes culturas, sejam ou não explicáveis pela ciência, usados para a manutenção da saúde, como também para a prevenção, diagnose e tratamento de doenças físicas e mentais. Em alguns países utilizam-se indistintamente os termos "medicina complementar", "medicina alternativa", "medicina não convencional" ou "medicina tradicional", em contraponto a "medicina moderna", "medicina ...
The hydraulic behavior of faults during production is a key issue in reservoir management. The correct assessment of dynamic fault hydraulic behavior can optimize the number of wells, the injection design and the well design used in the production network. In an offshore sandstone turbidite reservoir, water breakthrough was detected and attributed to fault reactivation induced by depletion. Assuming that the fault leakage can be attributed to fault reactivation, we describe a geomechanical modeling that was able to support the hypothesis that fault reactivation should be expected in response to depletion in the studied reservoir. The modeling main inputs are the fault and reservoir geometries as well as the complete geomechanical model, built by integrating data from well logs, seismics, pressure measurements, image logs, leakoffs, minifracs, drilling events, measured stress paths and mechanical properties obtained in laboratory or derived by published and in house empirical equations. The program simulates in real time the reactivation of any number of faults in a 3D visualization environment in response to the estimated stress tensor and fault zone mechanical properties for different time steps of the flow model. Any number of scenarios can be simulated in a batch-processing mode, in order to assess the uncertainty associated to the value of several input parameters (e.g. cohesion, friction angle, magnitude and orientation of the maximum horizontal stress, etc.) and to evaluate different production strategies. A key parameter to the successful replication of fault reactivation in the reservoir was the stress path value (A), i.e, the ratio between the variation of the total horizontal minimum stress with respect to the variation of pore pressure during production (A=deltaShmin/deltaP). Leak-off tests performed within the reservoir provide A=0.8, which is a consistent one for an ensemble made by a cemented fault zone in contact with a pristine poorly consolidated sandstone reservoir. Given that such an ensemble is a widespread one, our results might be useful to address dynamic fault hydraulic behavior in poorly consolidated reservoirs in general.
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