Spatial diagram representations such as hierarchies, matrices, and networks are important tools for thinking. Our data suggest that college students possess abstract schemas for these representations that include at least rudimentary information about their applicability conditions. In Experiment 1, subjects were better able to select the appropriate spatial diagram representation for a problem when cued to use general category information in memory about those representations than when cued to use specific example problems given during the experiment. The results of Experiment 2 showed that the superior performance in the general category condition was not based on a comparison of the test problems with examples in memory. The results of Experiment 3 showed that the superior performance was not due to learning that occurred during the experiment or to transfer appropriate processing. The General Discussion section considers the nature of students' representation schemas and the question of why college students have only rudimentary schemas for common and widely applicable diagrammatic representations.

Research has found that drug markets tend to cluster in space, potentially because of the profit that can be made when customers are drawn to areas with multiple suppliers. But few studies have examined how these clusters of drug markets—which have been termed “agglomeration economies”—may be related to accidental overdose deaths, and in particular, the spatial distribution of mortality from overdose. Focusing on a large neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, known for its open-air drug markets, this study examines whether deaths from accidental drug overdose are clustered around street corners controlled by drug trafficking gangs. This study incorporates theoretically-informed social and physical environmental characteristics of street corner units into the models predicting overdose deaths. Given a number of environmental changes relevant to drug use locations was taking place in the focal neighborhood during the analysis period, the authors first employ a novel concentration metric—the Rare Event Concentration Coefficient—to assess clustering of overdose deaths annually between 2015 and 2019. The results of these models reveal that overdose deaths became less clustered over time and that the density was considerably lower after 2017. Hence, the predictive models in this study are focused on the two-year period between 2018 and 2019. Results from spatial econometric regression models find strong support for the association between corner drug markets and accidental overdose deaths. In addition, a number of sociostructural factors, such as concentrated disadvantage, and physical environmental factors, particularly blighted housing, are associated with a higher rate of overdose deaths. Implications from this study highlight the need for efforts that strategically coordinate law enforcement, social service provision and reductions in housing blight targeted to particular geographies.

<p>This is the first known investigation of marine yeast biodiversity from waters surrounding New Zealand’s main Islands. Marine yeasts were cultured onto agar plates from algae sampled at three locations in the Wellington Region. DNA extractions and PCR amplifications of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were conducted, and resultant sequence data were used for isolate identification and phylogenetic analysis. Yeasts isolated during this investigation were not unique; seventy-four isolates were identified from a range of genera that are frequently detected in marine and terrestrial environments worldwide. Furthermore, high ITS sequence similarity was observed between yeasts isolated during this investigation and those from geographically distant locations. These findings may indicate that marine yeasts are ubiquitous at a global level, although evidence is insufficient as to whether yeasts also demonstrate biogeographic distribution patterns. Yeasts isolated during this investigation may have ecological implications in New Zealand’s marine environment; marine yeasts are likely to play a general saprophytic role and certain genera are pathogenic. Isolates were also identified from genera that have previously demonstrated beneficial properties and applications, including the production of useful compounds and highly nutritious yeast biomass, biocontrol potential against the postharvest decay of produce, and degradation abilities that may enable bioremediation of polluted marine environments.</p>

<p>This is the first known investigation of marine yeast biodiversity from waters surrounding New Zealand’s main Islands. Marine yeasts were cultured onto agar plates from algae sampled at three locations in the Wellington Region. DNA extractions and PCR amplifications of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were conducted, and resultant sequence data were used for isolate identification and phylogenetic analysis. Yeasts isolated during this investigation were not unique; seventy-four isolates were identified from a range of genera that are frequently detected in marine and terrestrial environments worldwide. Furthermore, high ITS sequence similarity was observed between yeasts isolated during this investigation and those from geographically distant locations. These findings may indicate that marine yeasts are ubiquitous at a global level, although evidence is insufficient as to whether yeasts also demonstrate biogeographic distribution patterns. Yeasts isolated during this investigation may have ecological implications in New Zealand’s marine environment; marine yeasts are likely to play a general saprophytic role and certain genera are pathogenic. Isolates were also identified from genera that have previously demonstrated beneficial properties and applications, including the production of useful compounds and highly nutritious yeast biomass, biocontrol potential against the postharvest decay of produce, and degradation abilities that may enable bioremediation of polluted marine environments.</p>

No abstract