New criteria and changes about identification of the existing masonry buildings against earthquake have been brought to the agenda with the regulation in Earthquake Zones Map 1996 and Turkey Building Earthquake Code-2018 (TBDY-2018). Masonry buildings, which forms the considerable amount of the existing buildings in Turkey, need more attention in design in accordance with newly earthquake regulations, in comparison to the steel and concrete structures because of the use of weak materials in strength. Within this study, 3-D models of 5 sample masonry buildings with different floors which represent the existing masonry building stock in Ankara-Altındag district were prepared. In the district there is a basement + 4 floor limitation for masonry buildings as required by earthquake code. According to the study, it is found out that the most important parameters to determine the critically weakest floor against earthquake are the variation of the material properties in floors, the percentage of the gapes in the walls and the amount of surrounded walls by soil on basement.
The construction industry is a business that affects many different production areas and contributes significantly to the economy of the country and the geography it is connected to. The sector grows day by day due to its increasing economic power and technological developments, but it also brings with it occupational accidents resulting in many injuries, disability and death. Occupational accidents; In addition to the disruption of the country's economy and sectoral production, it causes prestige and significant economic losses on company/sector basis. In this study, occupational accidents, occupational health and safety concepts not only focuses on the literature review containing advancement in the world and Turkey but also presents the evaluations of 320 students who are candidates of civil engineering and construction technician through face-to-face surveys to determine their knowledge, awareness and expectations in the field of occupational accidents through the SPSS program. This study emphasizes regulation, support and cooperation through the firm, industry, government and university to increase the level of readiness of the civil engineers and construction technicians, who are expected to have significant authority and responsibility in the construction industry, and to reduce the occupational accidents.
Birçok yapı alanında yapı malzemesi olarak ilk sırada tercih edilen betonun, yüksek olan basınç dayanımının aksine, düşük olan çekme dayanımını artırmak ve eğilme gerilmeleri altında gevrek göçmeyi önleyebilmek için çelik çubukların takviyesi ile betonarme sistemler oluşturulmuştur. Betonun sağlamış olduğu yüksek alkalin ortam, betonarme donatısı ile beton arasındaki aderansın sağlanabilmesi ve donatının korozyondan korunabilmesi için betonarme elemanlarda aranan en önemli kriterlerdendir. Geçirgen bir yapıya sahip olan beton, agresif kimyasallara maruz kalması halinde zamanla korozyona uğrar ve beklenen durabiliteyi sağlayamaz. Korozyon, donatının içinde bulunduğu ortam ile kimyasal ve/veya elektrokimyasal reaksiyona girerek metalik özelliklerini kaybetmesidir. Betonarme donatısında kesit kaybına neden olmanın yanında, korozyon; donatı ile beton arasındaki aderansın da azalmasına veya yok olmasına neden olmaktadır. Günümüzde betonarme yapılar, kendi zati ağırlıklarına, servis ve sismik yüklere göre boyutlandırılır. Ancak, analizlerde korozyon dikkate alınmadığından, zamanla donatının aderans ve kesit kaybına uğraması nedeniyle, yapıların depremde hasar görmesine veya yıkılmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, donatıların korozyona bağlı aderans kaybını belirleyebilmek için hazırlanan deney numuneleri, Türkiye’deki mevcut betonarme yapıları temsil edecek şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Parametre olarak 5 farklı beton grubu, 2 farklı donatı türü ve 2 farklı kür şartı değişken alınıp, numuneler hızlandırılmış korozyon deneyine tabi tutulmuş, aderanstaki dayanım değişimi grafikler ve tablolar ile değerlendirilmiştir.
Concrete has been used in the construction industry for many years as a building material. Concrete and reinforced concrete, which have a wide range of usage areas from bridges to highways, from buildings to utility poles, from sewer lines to treatment and production facilities, also have a significant economic importance. In addition to its many advantages, concrete, which is a brittle building material, needs the use of reinforced concrete steel that supports its ductility feature. Reinforced concrete; It is based on a good adherence relationship between concrete and reinforcement and is also under the influence of different abrasive environmental conditions, especially the loss of adherence and cross-section in reinforcement compared to concrete elements. There are many academic and sectoral studies on the determination of the adherence relationship in reinforced concrete. In this compilation study, the results of many studies were brought together and information about the adhesion tests between reinforcement and concrete, which are widely used, are given. Since the pull-out test method using lolitop core samples required was used for the adherence values in the analyses, this test method was also preferred in the literature studies. However, the usability of the reinforcement pull-out test is very harmful, difficult and limited in determining the adherence value of existing structures. For this reason, since it is a very convenient method to use the push-out method on the reinforced core sample, determining the relationship between these two methods will make a great contribution to many studies on strengthening existing buildings.
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