Land‐use change and agricultural intensification can strongly affect biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Although many studies investigate management impacts, data on the long‐term change of species communities in agroecosystems are scarce.
We analysed the long‐term change in diversity and composition of ant communities in cacao agroforestry systems in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia and attempted to disentangle the driving factors of this change. Ant communities were resampled in 2009 from sites for which previous surveys had been conducted either in 2001 (the rainforest‐poor Palolo region) or 2003 (the rainforest‐rich Kulawi region) using insecticide fogging.
Ant community composition changed significantly over time in Palolo and Kulawi. The change in ant species richness differed between regions. Species richness increased in Kulawi, probably due to the increasing availability of nest sites and microhabitats as trees grow larger and older. In the Palolo region, species richness decreased, suggesting that the high local intensification and landscape‐wide changes may have counteracted the effects of tree age. Changes in ant communities over time were significant, but were more difficult to explain than expected, despite clear difference in management changes within and between regions.
The findings suggest that the landscape‐scale differences between the two study regions play a more important role for species diversity and its composition than changes in local management. This highlights the importance of long‐term studies across contrasting landscapes for better understanding the consequences land‐use intensification has on tropical biodiversity.
Rhynchophorus vulneratus and Oryctes rhinoceros are two major pests that cause serious damage to coconut palms leading to a significant coconut yield loss. Several pheromones have shown the potential as lures for these insect pests. This study aimed to measure the effectiveness of Oricmas, Rhynchomonas, and Feromonas, the three types of pheromones, against R. vulneratus and O. rhinoceros. In this study, traps baited with each pheromone were installed at the four Research Stations of IPCRI in North Sulawesi, was infected by R. vulneratus and O. rhinoceros.Two locations were selected in each station, and at each location, three traps were installed with different pheromones. The research was carried out from April to September 2020. A total number of 3723 R. vulneratus and O. rhinoceros were trapped during the study. Oricmas pheromone showed the most effective to trap R. vulneratus and O. rhinoceros compared to Rhynchomonas and Feromonas. The number of R. vulneratus and O. rhinoceros trapped was 51.18% and 49.82%, respectively. Rhynchomonas demonstrated its effectiveness to trap R. vulneratus, while did Feromonas to O. rhinoceros. For monitoring and controlling R. vulneratus and O. rhinoceros, Oricmas could be used, while Rhynchomonas and Feromonas for monitoring and controlling Rhynchophorus and Oryctes, respectively.
Belalang Sexava merupakan hama penting kelapa yang merusak daun dan buah. Penelitian analisis kerusakan daun dan buah kelapa akibat diserang oleh belalang Sexava bertujuan untuk mengetahui mekanisme kerusakan. Pengamatan visual in situ dilakukan di Pulau Salibabu, Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, sementara analisis jaringan dan analisis kimia pada bakal buah terserang serta pengamatan gejala penyakit sekunder dilakukan di laboratorium. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa proses kerusakan daun dan buah kelapa akibat digigit belalang Sexava terjadi secara mekanik. Gejala fitotoksik akibat gigitan belalang dan gejala penyakit sekunder tidak ditemukan. Jaringan buah yang luka setebal beberapa milimeter tampak mengering dan mati, sementara itu jaringan di dekat luka tampak normal. Kadar gula reduksi, selulosa, dan lignin, antara jaringan bakal buah sehat (1,22%, 2,72%, 5,66%) dan yang terserang (1,22%, 2,85%, 4,84%) relatif sama. Bakal buah terserang rontok, sedangkan buah terserang dari tandan umur lebih dari 3 bulan masih tumbuh dan berkembang sampai tua.
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