Resumen. El análisis y la evaluación de las competencias parentales es una tarea central en los Servicios Sociales y concretamente en los Servicios especializados de atención a las familias en situación de riesgo psicosocial. Es imprescindible conocerlas y evaluarlas, entre otros motivos, para tomar medidas de apoyo a la unidad familiar o incluso para determinar si es necesario retirar a un menor de su familia. Paradójicamente, ésta ha sido un área de investigación poco explorada y ha ocupado también un lugar secundario en el campo de la protección de menores. Por ello, es importante clarificar qué se entiende por competencia parental, cuáles son las competencias parentales consideradas básicas para la educación saludable y positiva de los menores y poder contar con directrices claras para que los técnicos puedan llevar a cabo la evaluación de las mismas. El presente artículo pretende dar respuesta a estas cuestiones mencionadas. Palabras claves: competencia parental, evaluación de competencias, familias en riesgo psicosocial. Summary. The analysis and evaluation of parental competences is a central task for the Social Services and specifically for those services targeted at families living in psychosocial risk circumstances. The evaluation of parental competence can be used, among others motives, to take support measures to the family or even to determine if it is necessary to displace the children from his/her home. Despite of its importance, it is an area of sudy underexploited that also plays a secondary role in the field of child protection. For this reason, it is important to clarify what is meant by parental competence, which are the parental competences considered as basic for the healthy and positive parenting of the children, as well as to have clear guidelines to profesionals for carrying out the assessment of these competences. The current article tries to give answers to the questions mentioned.
To navigate through a social world, animals may form temporary or long-term associations with others, recognize kin and discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics, protect themselves and their resources, fight and compete for the best mates, and produce offspring that require various forms of care. The purpose of the current paper was to summarize the publication trends of research investigating animal social interactions over the last 20 years. We selected 8 journals for their diverse representation of animal taxa and examined the number of published articles representing research on affiliative, agonistic, and sexual social interactions. Out of 18,993 published articles, social interactions (N = 4,273) were studied 5.5% to 30.8% of the published articles per journal between 1993-2013. Agonistic social interactions (43%) were the most frequently published topic with affiliative social interactions representing less than a third (30%) of the articles and sexual social interactions accounting for the remaining articles (27%). Mammalian social interactions were investigated the most (38.5%) with invertebrate (22%) and avian (21%) social interactions following closely behind. Observational research and experimental research designs were divided almost equally across different social interactions except for affiliative interactions. Social interactions were studied most often in laboratory settings (45%), then semi-natural field settings (32.5%), and less often in natural habitats (19%). Interestingly, the rates of the different types of social interactions, certain taxa, type of research study, and research setting remained relatively consistent across the 20 year period. Some fluctuations occurred in the frequency of specific topics and taxa within various years; however, research on mate choice, parental care, environmental influences, and group composition was consistently conducted across the years. While many aspects of social interactions in a broad range of taxa have been studied, there are many areas that are still sparse and in need of additional research.
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