The conclusions about the association of maternal pregnancy environment, occupation, and benzene compounds with fetal CHD are not entirely consistent. Eight hundred seven CHD cases and 1008 controls were included in this study. All occupations were classified and coded against the Occupational Classification Dictionary of the People’s Republic of China (2015 version). Logistic regressions were used to explore the correlation among environmental factors, occupation types, and CHDs in offspring. We found that living near public facilities and having exposure to chemical reagents and hazardous substances were significant risk factors for CHDs in offspring. We found that offspring of mothers who worked in agriculture and similar work during pregnancy suffered from CHD. The risk of all CHDs in the offspring of pregnant women working in production manufacturing and related work was significantly higher than that in unemployed pregnant women, the risk was also observed in 4 subtypes of CHDs. We compared the concentrations of the five metabolite (MA, mHA, HA, PGA, and SPMA) levels of benzene compounds in the urine of mothers in case and control groups and found no significant differences. Our study suggests that maternal exposure during pregnancy and certain environmental and occupational conditions are risk factors for CHD in offspring, but did not support an association between concentrations of metabolites of benzene compounds in the urine of pregnant women and CHDs in their offspring.
Background: Accidental drowning of children under five is a serious problem in China. This study analyzed data on environmental, sociodemographic factors, and primary caregivers of drowned children in order to understand factors that may contribute to this problem. Methods: This study collected information on 563 cases of drowning that appears involving children under five from October 1, 2015 to September 30, 2016 in 334 sampling districts in China. Primary caregivers were interviewed one-on-one based on the Drowning Mortality among Children under 5 Questionnaire. Results: The majority of drowned children under five years old were boys, and 71.58% lived within 100 m of a water body. The drownings occurred mainly in ponds, canals, rivers, and wells, while over 90% of these water bodies had no safety measures. There were 28.06% of primary caregivers did not provide full-time care for the children, and 83.13% of them had no knowledge of first aid skills for drowning. Conclusion: Encouraging kindergarten enrollment and providing safety education for children may reduce drowning among children under five years of age. Public water body protection measures should be strengthened to prevent children from drowning. Encouraging primary caregivers to care full-time for their children,and learning first aid skills against drowning could also help reduce fatalities.
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