Manganese dioxide electrodes are discharged in electrolytes of
1M normalto 10MKOH
and immediately reoxidized anodically. The efficiency of the oxidation, determined by chemical analysis as well as subsequent cathodic reduction, is a function of the concentration of
KOH
and decreases as the
KOH
concentration increases from
1M normalto 10MKOH
. In
1MKOH
,
MnO2
is reduced to a species tentatively identified as an active form of manganese (III) oxide, which can be efficiently reoxidized to
MnO2
. In
10MKOH
, however,
MnO2
is reduced first to manganese (III) oxide and subsequently to manganese (II) oxide. This manganese (II) oxide can be recharged only to an inactive form of manganese (III) oxide which is not reoxidized efficiently to
MnO2
.
To investigate the correlation between maternal manganese and iron concentrations and the risk of CHD among their infant. A multi-center hospital-based case control study was conducted in China. There were 322 cases and 333 controls have been selected from pregnant women who received prenatal examinations. Correlations between CHDs and maternal manganese and iron concentrations were estimated by conditional logistic regression. Moreover, the interaction between manganese and iron on CHDs was analyzed. Compared with the controls, mothers whose hair manganese concentration was 3.01 μg/g or more were more likely to have a child with CHD than those with a lower concentration. The adjusted OR was 2.68 (95%CI = 1.44–4.99). The results suggested that mothers whose iron content was 52.95 μg/g or more had a significantly higher risk of having a child with CHD (aOR = 2.87, 95%CI = 1.54–5.37). No interaction between maternal manganese and iron concentrations was observed in the multiplicative or additive model. The concurrently existing high concentration of manganese and iron may bring higher risk of CHD (OR = 7.02). Women with excessive manganese concentrations have a significantly increased risk of having offspring with CHDs. The high maternal iron status also correlates with CHDs. The concurrently existing high concentration of manganese and iron may bring higher risk of CHD.
Drastic volume expansion and low conductivity are critical factors leading to severe capacity decay of transition metal oxides (TMOs) as anodes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). An effective strategy to overcome this challenge is to engineer freestanding 3D hollow architectures integrated with nanostructured metals to boost their structural stability and electrical conductivity simultaneously. Inspired by cowpea configuration beneficial to improve the transport of rich water in arid environment, herein, a novel monolithic 3D hollow nanoporous CuxO encapsulated mesoporous Cu heterostructure (3D‐HNP CuxO@m‐Cu) is delicately designed and fabricated via a simple three‐step approach. Compared to other CuxO‐based electrodes with different structure designs in published reports, the unique 3D‐HNP CuxO@m‐Cu as a binder‐free integrated anode for LIBs shows superior Li storage properties with first reversible capacity of 2.02 mAh cm−2 and good cycling stability with 76.2% capacity retention and 99.9% coulombic efficiency after 200 cycles. This can be largely attributed to the unique 3D nanoporous heterostructure design with a synergistic effect between interconnected hollow CuxO nanotubes with bidirectional mechanical stress buffer and internal mesoporous Cu network with enhanced electrical conductivity. We believe that this work provides a brand‐new strategy for rational design and fabrication of next‐generation high‐performance TMOs‐based anodes toward advanced LIBs.
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