A Quality of Service (QoS) multicast routing algorithm in IP/DWDM optical Internet is proposed in this paper, taking QoS requirement and cost into account. Due to the NP-hard nature of this problem, a QoS and cost optimized or sub-optimized multicast routing tree is constructed based on tabu-hierarchy genetic algorithm with network load balance supported. Simulation results have shown that the proposed algorithm is both feasible and effective, and is advantageous over its counterpart based on the traditional genetic algorithm.IP/DWDM optical Internet is one of the main networking technologies of the Next Generation Internet (NGI) [1] backbone, and supporting QoS and multicast is one of its essential capabilities. In order to realize the QoS multicast in IP/DWDM optical Internet, the effective routing algorithm is necessary, thus the optimized or sub-optimized QoS multicast routing tree should be built. Such kind of problem has been proved to be NP-hard [2] .At present, a lot of multicast routing algorithms [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] have been proposed. KMB [3] , MPH [4] , DCBH [5] and BERD [5] etc. belong to the traditional heuristic algorithm. Another class of QoS multicast routing algorithm is based on modern optimization method. In [6], the minimum cost Steiner tree is constructed based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) to form the QoS-driven multicast routing tree with the lowest cost of network resources, especially the end-to-end delay and the error rate are considered. In [7], a multicast routing algorithm based on chaotic neural networks is proposed, which can overcome the drawback of easily getting stuck in local optimal solutions of traditional neural networks in some degree. In[8], a hybrid approach based on neural network and genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the QoS multicast routing problem with the optimal solution search ability improved. In [9], a QoS multicast routing algorithm based on tabu search is proposed, speeding up the convergence to the optimal solution.In this paper, a none-NP QoS multicast routing algorithm based on tabu-hierarchy GA (THGA) [10] in IP/DWDM optical Internet is designed, which constructs a QoS and cost optimized or sub-optimized multicast routing tree with network load balance supported. The proposed algorithm imitates the biologic propagation process, adopts the hierarchical coding
Network failures occur frequently, and self-healing ability of existing routing protocols cannot guarantee fast route convergence under these failures without impacting packet forwarding. During routing convergence, network routes may be incorrect and even routing black holes and loops occur, which will result in extensive packet loss and thus influence network performance. To solve this problem, several improved routing solutions have been proposed. In this paper, we propose the concept and model of self-healing routing and analyze the key problems in current intra-domain and inter-domain self-healing routing protocols after briefly reviewing the characteristics of network failures. We classify the different self-healing solutions into two categories based on their design principles: routing restoration and routing protection, and systematically analyze these different typical solutions. Finally, we discuss several key issues in self-healing routing and propose a hybrid protection and restoration based routing scheme.
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