e orientation of CTA + in the interlayer of organic pillared montmorillonite prepared by adding different amounts of surfactant corresponding to the CEC of the pristine clay mineral has been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra. Morphology of the samples was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). e results are supported by the measurements of zeta potentials and contact angles of pristine clay and organoclay samples. From the XRD results, a series of arrangement models of CTA + in the interlayer of montmorillonite have been proposed as lateral-bilayer, pseudotrilayer, paraffin-type-monolayer and pseudotrilayer, paraffin-type-bilayer and pseudotrilayer for 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0 CEC, respectively. FTIR spectrum and contact angle measurements of pristine montmorillonite and organoclays indicated the incorporation of surfactant and the changing of hydrophility in the different OMts. is study demonstrates that not only the arrangement model of surfactant, but also the morphology of organoclay strongly depends on the surfactant packing density within the montmorillonite interlayer space. In addition, it can be also proposed that, the magnitude of surface charge or its distribution on clay mineral might be an important factor for expansion characteristics of organoclay.
Industry plays an important role in the global economic development. While industrial and technological developments have improved the standard of living in recent years, they have also caused pollution and other severe environmental problems.Industrial waste, the hazardous and nonhazardous by‐products resulting from industrial activities, has been a challenge since the industrial revolution. Waste disposal and treatment technologies attempt to minimize the amount of waste and its impact.In this article, industrial waste classification and waste management approaches, including treatment and recycling, are reviewed. Health effects and impacts of industrial wastes on the environment are also discussed.
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