Background and aim: Cigarettes, hookah, and tobacco are the most important etiologic factors for oral cancers and dysplastic lesions. This study was undertaken to determine the correlation between hookah use and the percentage of cells with micronucleus, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and broken egg in the buccal mucosa; and secondly to compare hookah user and non-user in terms of repair index. Materials and methods: The present historical cohort study was carried out on 72 samples taken from 36 hookah users and 36 control subjects. Smear samples were obtained from participants' buccal mucosa for cytological evaluation using Papanicolaou technique. Then, the percentages of cells with micronucleus, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and broken egg were recorded and the repair index was calculated. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test. Results: A total of 72 samples taken from 36 hookah users and 36 control subjects were evaluated. The means of micronucleus scores in the buccal mucosa cells of hookah users and controls were 10.7±2.6 and 5.8±2.0, the karyorrhexis scores in the hookah users and controls were 0.1±0.06 and 0.04±0.06, and the karyolysis scores in hookah users and controls were 0.16±0.05 and 0.08±0.06, respectively. These differences were statistically significant between hookah users and controls (P<0.001). The broken egg score was 0.66±0.07 for the hookah users and 0.03±0.04 for the control group, revealing a statistically significant difference (P<0.036). Finally, the repair index values were 0.03±0.01 and 0.05±0.13 in hookah users and controls, respectively. This difference was also significant (P<0.026). Conclusion: The percentages of cells with micronucleus, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and broken egg in the buccal mucosa of hookah users were significantly higher than those in control group; in addition, the repair index of the buccal mucosa cells in hookah users was significantly lower than that in the control group.
Background and Aim:Given the relatively high prevalence of systemic diseases, the importance of these diseases in patient management, treatment planning, and treatment outcomes, the controversy in the reported incidence rates, and changes in the frequency of diseases over time, we aimed to determine the prevalence of systemic diseases among the patients referring to the Dental Branch of Islamic Azad University of Tehran in 2016-17. Materials and Methods: : The present research was carried out by studying the existing data. All records of patients who referred to the Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Department during 2016-17 were extracted from the archives and evaluated for systemic diseases. The prevalence of systemic diseases in the subjects was estimated with 95% confidence interval. The role of related factors (age, gender, etc.) was statistically determined by Chi-square test. Results: Out of 6270 records, 2595 patients (41.4%) had systemic diseases and conditions; hypertensive diseases (8.42%), thyroid diseases (7.05%), and digestive diseases (6.5%) had the highest prevalence rates. 50.7% of the patients were women and 49.3% were men; the prevalence of systemic diseases was 41.5% below 45 years of age and 48.5% over 45 years of age. Medical consultation was requested for 702 patients, and drug intake was observed in 2029 patients. Request for medical advice and drug intake were more frequent in women and at over 45 years of age. Conclusion: The results showed that the prevalence of systemic diseases (41.4%) is high. Hypertension showed the highest prevalence. The incidence of systemic diseases increases with age and is higher in women.
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