During the recent decades, debates about urban sprawl have increased strongly in Iran. Literature review shows that there are few studies about causes of sprawl in urban areas of Iran. This paper analyses driving forces in creation or intensification of urban sprawl in Iranian cities. The methodology of the research is based on documentary and survey method. Results indicate that the most important drivers of urban sprawl are 22 factors in Iran. By using exploratory factor analysis, 22 factors are summarized in eight main factors. These factors include population growth, land value, political fragmentation, land speculation, transportation policies, exterior pressure, management system and land use. The eight main factors are able to explain an average of 76.9% of the urban sprawl phenomenon in Iran. The analysis of variance indicates that none of them can be effective in explaining urban sprawl alone in Iran that they were explained by each factor on urban sprawl. The population growth has the highest impact by 13% and land use has the lowest impact by about 7%. The margin of discrepancy between variance was explained by factors that suggest all of the eight extracted factors play a key role in the urban sprawl of Iran. Policies for controlling and reducing consequences of this phenomenon should be initiated by the government by considering the influential role of government in the urban sprawl of Iran. In particular, it can be helpful to establish integrated urban management, a compilation of comprehensive law about urban land and pay attention to worn‐out textures and brownfield development.
This paper presents an experimental investigation of an Active-Noise-Control (ANC) system for reducing unwanted so-called primary sound by destructive interference with sound generated by so-called secondary sources (loudspeakers). In this work the primary source is a vibrating simply supported plate which is radiating sound into the free field. The loudspeakers are placed in front of the plate. The ANC-system utilizes the measured signals of the primary accelerometers which are placed on the surface of the plate. The number of the primary accelerometers corresponds to the number of the loudspeakers. Also, one secondary accelerometer is fixed onto each loudspeaker cone. Furthermore, a microphone in front of each loudspeaker measures the near field sound pressure. An adaptive feed-forward-controller is used to calculate the optimal control signal for each secondary source. The optimal control is achieved by minimizing the radiated active sound intensity in front of each loudspeaker in order to minimize the total radiated sound power of the primary and secondary sources. The ANC-system is tested in different configurations with one or two loudspeakers in front of the plate. Also, an approach for the system calibration is developed to compensate the phase deviation between the true and the measured sound intensity.
Lack of a comprehensive approach to municipalities’ revenue sources in the form of macro-economic system, changes and interventions, self-reliance and self-sufficiency policy enforcement have put financial sector of municipalities in unsustainable situation. Continuing of this situation will have undesirable consequences on cities and urban management. Access to favorable and sustainable revenue sources leads municipalities to play a more active role in urban environment and properly meet the needs of citizens. In this regard, this research intends to analyze Shabestar Municipality’s revenue sources in terms of sustainability measures during 2004-2014. Type of the research is applicable and the method is descriptive-analytic and exploratory. Data collection has been carried out either documentary or field survey by using scoring forms and interviews with Municipality officials. Data analysis has been conducted by using Excel, Shannon Entropy and TOPSIS techniques. The results obtained showed that the trend toward financial independence of municipalities and decentralization of sub-national authorities has had some trouble and now municipalities need financial support from central government to fulfill their obligations. Shabestar Municipality like many other municipalities in Iran depends strongly on low favorable and unsustainable revenue sources such as sale of municipal immovable properties, charges on surplus density, charges on removing parking etc.
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