Sustainability is an important issue in the 21st century. Although there are a high number of publications, some areas are still untouched, like sustainability concepts in shipyards. This paper aims to explore the literature of the sustainability concept in the shipbuilding industry and to propose a further research outline. The impact of green supply chain practices (GSCM) on three sustainability performance-economic, environmental and social performance-will be also examined. A systematic literature review is applied between 1980 and 2020 using Scopus and Web of Science databases. After eliminating duplicates, unrelated articles, a total of 27 articles were identified. The analysis shows that there is not much research on the shipyard's sustainability and the green supply chain practices impact on the economic, environmental and social performance. One article examined the relations of green supply chain readiness, customer requirements, governmental involvement, social responsibility and competitive advantage to the willingness to participate in green supply chain management initiatives in the suppliers of two big shipyards. The other one examined which of the sustainable development goals collaborate with the maritime industry based on publicly published corporate social responsibility and sustainable development reports. Both studies do not focus on green supply chain practices as a performance evaluation of the three sustainable dimensions in a shipyard. In addition, there are dissertations in Turkey, which examined green supply chain practices and their impacts on the environmental, social and economic performance in the manufacturing, packaging companies, finding significance positive relations. As a result, we found that few studies examined the sustainability of shipyards, this study will fill the literature gap being one of the first study on this subject and contributing to the emerging shipyards sustainability literature.
The present study examined the green supply chain management (GSCM) practices applied in Turkish shipyards and their impact on three sustainability dimensions: environmental, social, and economic. The GSCM practices examined comprised green design, green purchasing, green production, green marketing, environmental management, and recycling. All these practices are applicable for the shipbuilding industry that creates tangible economic value but also causes substantial environmental and social issues. Already, sustainability implementation, environmentally related regulations, and corporate standards have initiated new design and construction practices in the shipbuilding and shipyards. A research model was created here to test the relationship between six GSCM practices and the three sustainability performance dimensions. The authors utilized an updated, altered survey from recent academic research in the Turkish chemical, electronic, automotive, or food packaging industries. The research revealed that the GSCM practices green design, green purchasing, green production, green marketing, environmental management, and recycling were indicators those selected by the experts in the shipbuilding sector. Furthermore, these selected indicators were tested by SEM-PLS for its significance and relationship within each other. The result was found positively significant for the economic and social performance. Nevertheless, there was no direct improvement in the environmental performance dimension, despite the implementation ISO 14001 certification in 95% of the shipyards. Certificate is the first step for GSCM practices but not means company achieved environmental performance positively. The certification is not enough to justify that the companies are environmentally protected, as well as approval using GSCM. Environmental uncertainty did neither have a moderating effect between GSCM practices and sustainability performances.
It might be unimaginable to anticipate the pandemic, but taking the initiative in measures when Covid-19 occurred was critical to success. However, the impact of this worldwide pandemic, ever known in World History, was predictable. Covid-19, the largest known pandemic in world history, will cause social, economic, and political changes. Country governments, non-governmental organizations, and companies have developed new skills and competencies to overcome the economic and social crisis caused by the pandemic with minimum damage. This paper aims to investigate the effects of the pandemic and the measures taken in Turkish shipyards in the first phase of the Covid-19 pandemic with the cooperation of GISBIR and Istanbul Technical University Academic staff. Firstly, current academic studies were reviewed by conducting a literature search. Then, GISBIR data sheets, Baltic Dry Cargo Index, shipyard order book statistics, and employment statistics were evaluated as primary data. The shipyards' websites and the sector managers' reports are secondary data. Despite the pessimistic news, academic studies, and surveys published during the outbreak's initial phase, the authors could not find any evidence to indicate the medium-term negative impact of Covid-19 on Turkish shipyards. Although the Baltic Dry Index showed a decline in the first quarter of 2020, it rose right after the second quarter, and the shipyard order book statistics increased. Employment statistics, on the other hand, continued to increase gradually. Recovery depends on the shipyards overcoming the harmful effects of the crisis by investing in continuous improvement efforts, green technology, and systems, with the support of GISBIR, giving importance to effective crisis management and distinctive ship production.
The study explores the effect of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices on three sustainability dimensions; environmental, social, and economic in Turkish shipyards. The GSCM practices examined are green design, green purchasing, green production, green marketing, environmental management, and recycling. A research model was developed to test the relationship between six GSCM practices and the three sustainability performance dimensions by using a shipyard-level survey. Environmental uncertainty was placed in the model as a moderator variable. The authors utilized a web-based survey. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed hypotheses. The research revealed that the GSCM practices were positively significant for economic and social performance but not for environmental performance. Environmental uncertainty did not have a moderating effect between GSCM practices and sustainability performances. Quality, Environmental, and Safety Certifications are the first step for GSCM practices but do not mean the company achieved environmental performance positively. The results brought into prominence the GSCM practices in improving the sustainability performance of the Turkish shipyards. While this study was the pioneer in examining the relationship between GSCM and sustainability performance in Turkish shipyards, it enhanced the understanding of GSCM practices and sustainability performances.
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