Purpose:The purpose of this study was to compare maximal oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold values between soccer and handball players. Material:10 male professional soccer players and 10 male professional handball players took part in the study. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) and anaerobic threshold (AT) were assessed using an incremental treadmill test. AT was estimated noninvasively using the V-slope method. The values of VO 2 (AT VO2 ), heart rate (AT HR ), time (AT TIME ) and running speed (AT SPEED ) corresponding to the AT were identified. AT was recorded as a percentage of VO 2max (AT %VO 2max ) and HR max (AT %HR max ). Time to exhaustion was determined as the total duration of the test. Results:There were no significant difference between the time to exhaustion(min), HR max , absolute VO 2max (ml min -1 ) and relative VO 2max (ml kg -1 min -1 ) of soccer and handball players compared to each other (p> 0.05). Similarly there were no significant difference between the two groups in the AT SPEED (km h -1 ), AT TIME (min), AT HR , absolute AT VO2 (ml min -1 ), relative AT VO2 (ml kg -1 min -1 ), AT %VO 2max and AT %HR max (P> 0.05). Conclusions:Although soccer and handball require different movement patterns, they may exhibit similar aerobic endurance capacity. Hence physiological requirements in both branches may be expected to be similar in relation to training volume and intensity.

Background and Study Aim. The aim of this study is to compare the hand grip power and creatine kinase levels of male and female U-17 National Team Athletes before and after a 6-week strength training. Material and Methods. 15 female and 15 male U-17 athletes, who previously participated in international competitions, participated in our study. Besides the hand grip power and creatine kinase values, age, height, weight, and BMI (body mass index) values of the athletes were measured before and after the training. As the conclusion of the measurements, the mean age of the female participant athletes was determined as 14,93 years, their mean height was 158,3 cm, and the mean age of the male athletes was 15,73 years, while their mean height was 173,1 cm. Results: As the conclusion of the measurements, it was determined that there were statistically significant differences between the right hand grip power and left hand grip power parameters of male and female participant athletes measured before and after the 6-week training. Moreover, it was determined that there were statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test measurements of creatine kinase values of both male and female athletes (p> 0,05). Conclusions. As the conclusion, it was determined that the 6-week strength trainings applied to U-17 Judo National Team athletes caused significant changes in their hand grip power and creatine kinase values. The significant results obtained from our study are considered to be originated from the duration, scope, frequency, severity, and content of the training.

Background and Study Aim:The aim of this study was to examine the effect of leg and back strength on serve throwing speed and agility of 19-23 year old male tennis players who are studying at university. Material and Methods: Twelve male tennis players, aged between 19 and 23, who were studying at university in Kayseri participated in the study voluntarily. Individuals who played tennis for at least 5 days per week participated in the study and leg and back strength measurements and their relation with the serve and agility were compared. Results: In the study, leg strength test, back strength test, agility test and serve throwing speed tests were applied to the subjects. These tests reveal a significant relation between back strength and serve throwing speed (R=,660, R2=,435; p<,050). When the t-test results on the significance of the regression coefficient are examined, it is seen that back strength level (t=2,774, p = ,024) affects serve throwing speed and explains approximately 43% of the total variance. There is a significant relation between leg strength and serve throwing speed (R=,586, R2=,343; p<,050). When the t-test results on the significance of the regression coefficient are examined, it is seen that leg strength level affects serve throwing speed and it explains approximately 34% of the total variance. Conclusions: As a consequence, it has been revealed that leg strength and back strength in tennis players have a statistical relationship with agility and serve throwing speed. For this reason, it is considered necessary to apply training programs to improve leg and back strength in trainings.

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of liquid losses occurring in training sessions during the competition period on some biochemical values of the male Judokas competing in the U18 category. Material:The values of the 17 male athletes, who were included in the national team at least once, were checked in our study which compares the values of athletes before the competition and immediately after the competition. Urine Density, Urine pH, BUN, Creatine and Potassium values from the biochemistry values were measured besides the age, height and weight of the athletes participating in the study. Results:As a result of the measurements made; it was found that the kg pre-test averages of the participant athletes were 67,82 ±17,87, post-test averages were 64,88±16,89, Urine Density pre-test averages were 1.017,94 ±7,08, posttest averages were 1.025±8,48, Urine pH pre-test averages were 6,15±0,70, post-test averages were 5,82±0,50, BUN pre-test averages were 15,65±3,14, post-test averages were 24,35±3,60, Creatine pre-test averages were 0,48±0,20, post-test averages were 0,93±0,41, K Potassium pre-test averages were 4,16±0,35, post-test averages were 4,95 ±0,64. As a result of the statistical analysis, although there was no significant difference in urine pH pretest and post-test values, statistically significant difference was found between pre-test and post-test values in other selected parameters (p <0,05). Conclusions:As a result; it is thought that in our country in which the adjustment of the weight class is made unconsciously and unplanned, this will lead to the health problems of the athletes in many ways, especially in the later ages. Particularly in the professional sense, the health problems, which athletes who enter weight competitions and who enter at least 10 international competitions in the Olympic sense for the Judo branch a year can experience in the later ages as a result of such exhaustion, should be well considered. The the significant differences in studies in the literature and in our work also indicate that acute and rapid dehydration causes athletes to be harmed in terms of health and leads to the loss of performance. The result of our study is that the athletes should be prompted for weight control in a planned way to prevent the adjusting weight by acute and excessive dehydration.

Background. There is sparse literature examining the ICB phase of aerobic-and anaerobic-trained athletes. Measurements of ICB phase values of athletes can help to evaluate the sport's physiological demands and understand the physiological adaptations in response to physical training. Objectives. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the isocapnic buffering (ICB) phase and the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) as well as the ventilatory threshold (VT) in trained athletes. Methods. Twenty-eight male endurance athletes and forty male team sports athletes underwent an incremental treadmill test to determine their VT, respiratory compensation point (RCP), and VO2max. The ICB phase was calculated as the difference in Oxygen uptake (VO2) between the RCP and VT and expressed in either absolute or relative values. Results. The VO2max, maximal running speed, time to exhaustion, VO2 at the VT and RCP, running speed at the VT, and VT expressed as % VO2max was higher in the endurance athletes than in the team sport athletes (p < 0.01), whereas the RCP expressed as % VO2max and running speed at the RCP showed similar values in both groups (p > 0.05). Both the absolute and relative ICB phase values were found to be significantly higher in team sports athletes than in endurance athletes (p < 0.001). The relative ICB phase was significantly negatively correlated with the VO2max (-r = 0.517, p < 0.001), the VO2 at the VT (-r = 0.755, p < 0.001), and the VO2 at the RCP (r = -0.517, p = 0.001). Conclusion. The current findings suggest that, for trained athletes, the magnitude of the ICB phase is more closely related to the VT rather than the VO2max and RCP. Presumably, the high-intensity intermittent-type exercises performed by team sports athletes may have improved their buffering capacity, leading to a shift in the RCP without a change in the VT, and consequently enhancing the ICB phase.

Purpose: In this study, the relationship between the joint range of motion, and the serve speed and hit rate of tennis players was examined. The voluntary participants of this study are tennis players in the university tennis team. Materials and Methods: Twelve male students aged 18-25 voluntarily participated in the study. Participants were individuals, who professionally played tennis with a license. Certain parameters of the participants such as the upper extremity joint range of motion, extension and flexion angles of the elbow joint, abduction angle of the shoulder joint, and flexion and extension angles of the wrist were measured through standard plastic 12 goniometers. Similarly, the hit values were examined via the Revised Dyer Wall Test and serve speed values were examined by using the Stalker solo 2 brand radar. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between the joint range of motion and the serve speed and hit rate of the participants. The values below p <0.05 were considered as significant. Results: In the study, it was determined that there was a moderate positive correlation between wall test and shoulder abduction (p <0.05, r =, 599); similarly, there was a high positive correlation between wall test and wrist extension (p <0.05, r = 671); there was a high positive correlation between wall test and wrist flexion (p <0.05, r = 638); there was a high positive correlation between abduction of the shoulder and wrist extension (p <0.05, r =, 603); there was a very high positive correlation between wrist extension and wrist flexion (p <0.001, r = 819), and it was determined that there was no significant relationship between the other parameters (p> 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, in this study, it was determined that the joint range of motion has a positive relationship with both serve speed and hits.

This study aims to examine the effects of elite female basketball players’ hand anthropometric measurements, hand-grip strength and balance skills on their shooting performance. The age, height, weight, body mass index and hand anthropometric values, hand-grip strength and balance of the athletes were measured, and Aahperd shot tests were applied. Data analysis was performed through SPSS 24 package program. Data analyses included the Shapiro-Wilk Test applied to determine whether there is a normal distribution, and Pearson correlation analysis used to evaluate the correlation status of the parameters with the normal distribution of the data. The average age of the 12 female athletes participating in the study was 21.83 ± 4.407 years, the average height was 171.50 ± 6.95 cm, the average body weight was 68.60 ± 17.96 kg and the mean Body Mass Index was 23.99 ± 4.72. has been determined. It was determined that the average right hand grip strength of 12 female athletes participating in the study was 35.92 ± 6.127 kg and the average left hand grip strength was 32.92 ± 5.807 kg. Among the balance parameters, the balance mean deviation value was determined as 07 ±, 048, the balance average speed value as 42 ± 119, the balance path length value as 12.19 ± 3.473 and the balance area value as 02 ±. The Aahperd shot test mean value was also determined to be 18.67 ± 2.425. The analyses regarding the hand anthropometrics parameter of the 12 athletes indicate that there is no significant correlation between shot performance and hand length, width, palm length, third finger length, hand shape index, finger index and hand surface area. Besides, it is determined that there is no significant correlation between the hand grip strength and balance test results and shooting performance. The data revealed that the dominant hand measurements, test values and shooting performance of the athletes are not significantly correlated. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0770/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Background and Study Aim. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of exercise on the blood levels of homocysteine, hemoglobin and hematocrit in middle-aged sedentary individuals. Material and Methods. A total of 24 middle-aged (35-55 years) sedentary individuals (12 females and 12 males) living in Batman province voluntarily participated in this study. Body weight, body mass index, Homocysteine, Hemoglobin and Hematocrit  blood levels were measured before and after a walking exercise scheduled for 6 weeks. Walking exercise was administered 4 days a week for the 6 weeks. Initially, the walking exercises started as 40 min and increased to 60 min towards the end of the program. In the exercises, walking tempo was kept higher than normal and in parallel to the overall health levels of the subjects. The data obtained were then analyzed through the SPSS 25.00 package program. Results. It was determined that there were statistically significant differences in the pretest and posttest parameters of body weight, body mass index, and Homocysteine  values. Additionally, it was determined that, after the 6-week exercise program applied to the female and male participants, there were statistically significant differences between the pretest and posttest parameters of body weight, body mass index, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and homocysteine blood levels. Conclusions. As the conclusion, it was determined that, after the 6-week exercise program applied to a total of 24 participants (12 females and 12 males), there were statistically significant changes in the values of body weight, body mass index, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and homocysteine blood levels. It is suggested for further studies to apply nutrition programs and exercise protocols on young people regularly doing exercise and active athletes in different branches in order to contribute to sports science.