In this study, spatiotemporal changes in Lake Burdur from 1987 to 2011 were evaluated using multi-temporal Landsat TM and ETM+ images. Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification and spectral water indexing, including the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified NDWI (MNDWI) and Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI), were used for extraction of surface water from image data. The spectral and spatial performance of each classifier was compared using Pearson's r, the Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The accuracies of the SVM and satellitederived indexes were tested using the RMSE. Overall, SVM followed by the MNDWI, NDWI and AWEI yielded the best result among all the techniques in terms of their spectral and spatial quality. Spatiotemporal changes of the lake based on the applied method reveal an intense decreasing trend in surface area between 1987 and 2011, especially from 1987 to 2000, when the lake lost approximately one fifth of its surface area compared to that in 1987. The results show the effectiveness of SVM and MNDWI-based surface water change detection, particularly in identifying changes between specified time intervals.
The use of renewable energy is critical to the long-term development of global energy. Geothermal Power Plants (GPP) differ in the technology they use to convert the source to electricity (dual, single ash, double ash, back pressure, and dry steam) as well as the cooling technology they use (water-cooled and air-cooled). The environmental consequences vary depending on the conversion and cooling technology used. Environmental consequences of geothermal exploration, development, and energy generation includes land use and visual impacts, microclimatic impacts, impacts on ora-fauna and biodiversity, air emissions, water quality, soil pollution, noise, micro-earthquakes, induced seismicity, and subsidence. It can also have an impact on social and economic communities. As geothermal activity progresses from exploration to development and production, these effects become more signi cant. Before beginning geothermal energy activity, the positive and negative aspects of these effects should be considered. The number of GPPs in the Büyük Menderes Graben (BMG) geothermal area is increasing rapidly. According to the ndings, in order to reduce the environmental and social impacts of the GPPs in the BMG, resource conservation and development, production sustainability, and operational problems should be continuously monitored.
Purpose. This study was conducted to determine the amount of energy and water consumption in the production of aggregates for a certain period of time and also calculated the parameters that effect energy consumption in natural aggregate processing.Methods. The data obtained from the quarry site were used as a case study which is presented in the paper. It was discovered that during the winter season, less production and processing activities consume more electrical energy and less water.Findings. Energy consumption ratios for 5 years are presented in the paper with the calculated mean at 4.44 kWh. However, the energy consumed during the experimental study on the site was calculated to be 2.69 kWh. Additionally, benchmarking analysis was conducted on 4 different quarries for evaluation of energy consumption.Originality. This study suggests that environmental load decrease be investigated with respect to quarry processing as well as equipment, technology and use. The result of the study reveals that processing technology implemented in the plant was not economically viable.Practical implications. Two years after completion of the present study, processing at the quarry was stopped in 2015.
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