Purpose:To evaluate the occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and the prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) types in Escherichia coli clinical isolates. Methods: Sixty-one ESBL-producing urinary E. coli isolates were studied. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the disc diffusion method. ESBL production was determined using a double-disc synergy test for all isolates; E-test and Vitek 2 were used for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR)-positive isolates and their transconjugants. The presence of PMQR and β-lactamase genes was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results:The strains displayed high rates of resistance to norfloxacin (80 %). The most frequent PMQR gene was aac(6')- . In all, one qnrA1 (1.6 %), one qnrS1 (1.6 %), and two qepA1-positive isolates (5.7 %) were identified. The genes, qnrS1+aac(6')-Ib-cr and qepA1, were co-expressed with blaCTX-M-15 gene, while qnrA1 occurred with blaTEM-1, blaSHV, and blaVEB-1 genes. The most frequent β-lactamase type was cefotaximase (CTX-M), which generally hydrolyzes cefotaxime (92 %) more than it does ceftazidime; followed by temoneira (TEM, 39 %); sulfhydryl variable (SHV,5 %), and Vietnamese extended-spectrum betalactamase (VEB, 1.6 %). Conclusion: A high prevalence of aac(6')-Ib-cr and CTX-M type β-lactamase was detected in ESBLproducing E. coli strains. This study also identified the co-expression of qnrA1 and blaVEB-1 genes and of qnrS1+aac(6')-Ib-cr in E. coli isolates. The co-existence of PMQR genes with ESBLs may lead to a serious public health problem.
Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is a current global issue. Investigation of the level of knowledge of the public about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance is necessary to combat the antibiotic resistance problem. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the level of knowledge of the citizens of the north-eastern part of Cyprus on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance problem.
Methodology: Randomly selected 701 adults were included in the study. A modified version of World Health Organization’s public awareness survey was used to assess the knowledge on antibiotics and the resistance. Logistic regression was used to find out the relationship between knowledge and education level. Spearman’s correlation analysis was carried out to determine the association between the education level and the awareness of antibiotic resistance.
Results: Overall, 47.9% (336/701) of the respondents had used antibiotics in the last 6 months. Approximately 70% of respondents were determined to have intermediate/high knowledge on antibiotic consumption. In total, 66% of the population heard about antibiotic resistance and of these, 64% had intermediate knowledge on the resistance concept. University graduates were more likely to hear the term antibiotic resistance than primary school graduates.
Conclusions: In the north-eastern region of Cyprus, the public is moderately knowledgeable about antibiotics and resistance. The study is the first large scale study in the northern part of Cyprus and is thought to improve the national health policies related with antibiotic consumption in Cyprus and other developing countries.
ÖZET
2006-2010 yılları arasında akut gastroenteritli çocuk hastalara ait 11,711 dışkı örneğinde immunokromatografik yön-temle rotavirus antijeni araştırılmış ve toplam 1818 (% 15.5) örnekte rotavirus antijeni saptanmıştır. 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 ve 2010 yıllarında antijen pozitifliği sırasıyla % 19.2, % 14.5, % 17.3, % 16.6
SUMMARY
Investigation of Rotavirus Frequency and Following up the Rotavirus Season among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis: Evaluation of Five-year Results
Rotavirus antigen was investigated in 11,711 stool samples from children with acute gastroenteritis between the years 2006 to 2010 and rotavirus antigen was detected in 1818 (15.5 %) samples. Antigen positivity rates were 19.2 %, 14.5 %, 17.3 %, 16.6 % and 11 % in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively
ÖZET
GİRİŞDünyada en sık rastlanan infeksiyonlardan biri olan Helicobacter pylori infeksiyonlarının gastrit, peptik ülser, mide kanseri ve mukoza ile ilişkili lenfoid doku lenfoması gibi çeşitli gastroduodenal hastalıkların gelişmesinde rol oynadı-ğının kesinleşmesi ile birlikte bu bakterinin doğru ve hızlı tanısı oldukça önem kazanmış-tır (18) . H. pylori infeksiyonlarının tanısında histolojik inceleme, hızlı üreaz testi (HÜT), kültür ve PCR gibi endoskopi işlemi ile alınan mide biyopsi örneğinin incelenmesini gerektiren invaziv yöntemler ve seroloji, üre nefes testi ve dışkıda antijen saptayan ELISA testleri gibi invaziv olmayan yöntemler kullanılmaktadır (2,15,18) . İnvaziv yöntemlerden PCR yönteminin duyarlılığı % 95, histolojik incelemenin duyarlılığı % 90-95, HÜT'ün duyarlılığı % 80-95 ve kültür yöntemi-nin duyarlılığı ise % 75 oranında bildirilmekte-
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.