The aim of the study was to determine the factors that are effective in encouraging Turkish high school students to try sports and to identify ways to increase the number of students taking part in sport. The importance of sport in acquiring appropriate social attitudes, making good use of free time, and acquiring self-discipline and positive attitudes by learning patience, anger management, tolerance, courage, affection, and competition has been noted. In the study it was found that factors that are effective for encouraging potential participants vary according to gender and family economic situation. It was found that families give more encouragement to males compared to females for participating in sports. Wealthier families were also found to provide more support compared to less well-off families.
Objective: The relationship between exercise and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, insulin resistance, and obesity is a new field of research. To our knowledge, there are no studies examining the effects of walking exercises on ER stress related markers and insulin resistance in pre-menopausal women. To examine the effect of two different eight-week walking programs on the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Fetuin-A (α2 - Heremans Schmid glycoprotein), c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK-1) and retinol- binding protein-4 (RBP-4), the related markers of ER stress and insulin resistance in pre-menopausal women.Methods: Exercise groups (moderate tempo walking group; MTWG; n=11; brisk walking group BWG; n=12) walked five days a week, starting from 30 minutes, gradually increasing up to 51 minutes. BWG walked at ~70-75% and MTWG at ~50-55 of HRRmax. Body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (%), VOResults: VOConclusion: Both type of walking resulted in similar positive effects on RBP-4. The reduction observed in TNF-α, RBP-4, and the increases in the negative levels of JNK-1 in BWG show the positive effects of brisk walking on ER stress. The reduction in insulin resistance in relation to the possible reductions in ER stress and apoptosis in BWG may be more effective to prevent metabolic diseases.
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