Fish consumption preferences are affected by individuals' socioeconomic characteristics. The aims of the present paper were (i) to obtain information on fish consumption level and frequency; (ii) to investigate the associations between the socioeconomic characteristics of consumers and their preferences; and (iii) to examine the influence of determinants on fish consumption. Data were gathered through a questionnaire completed by a total of 127 randomly selected individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds from the Antakya, Turkey. The average consumption was found to be 2.98 kg/person/year for fish. Anchovies, gilt-head sea bream, and sea bass were reported as the most consumed three species, respectively. Significant differences in fish consumption were found among age groups, gender groups, and education groups, as well as between marital statuses. A majority of the consumers eat fish once a month throughout the year or only during the winter months. Fish consumption level and frequency were significantly positively correlated with education (p<0.01), income (p<0.05) and total meat consumption (p<0.01). The stepwise multiple regression model explained 41.7% (p<0.01) of the total variance for fish consumption. The amount and frequency of the consumption in the region, which is very far below the world and Turkey average especially for lower socioeconomic groups and for less-consumed fish species, can be increased by certain policies, such as training, advertising and different marketing strategies. Moreover, consumption should be distributed equally throughout the year instead of consuming only in certain seasons.
Training programs should be arranged to change the attitudes and perception of small-scale producers concerning poor biosecurity practices. In order to encourage producers to increase biosecurity scores, regulations regarding financial support and penalties could be quite useful at both the regional and national levels.
In addition to the good adaptation of high temperatures and poor soils, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) can be a good source of forage for livestock. This study was carried out to determine seed yield and some agronomical parameters of cowpea grown in different row spaces as double crop in Samsun ecological conditions. In the experiment, forage cowpea cultivar Ulkem and Line H-8 grown in four row spaces (20, 35, 50, 65 cm) in a Randomized Split Block Design with three replications. Seeds were sowed after harvesting wheat at July 13, 2017 and 15 July 2018. Seed harvest was made at October 20, 2017 and November 5, 2018. The results showed that seed yields ranged from 765 to 2178 kg ha-1 in 2017 and 397 to 1464 kg ha-1 in 2018. 1000 seed weight ranged from 161.17 to 183.93 g in 2017 and 146.40 to 160.90 g in 2018. In 2017 and 2018, mature pod ratio were 65.7 – 85.8, 30.0 – 60.3% respectively. Pod number per plant was between 5.66-15.00 pods/plant in 2017, 9.50-16.25 pods/plant in 2018. Seed number per pod was ranged from 8.80 to 12.43 seeds/pod in 2017, from 8.00 to 11.50 seeds/pod in 2018. Though the highest seed yields were obtained from 20 cm row space, it is risky cultivated cowpea for seed production as double crop in Samsun conditions because of earlier autumn rainfall and high humidity.
Öz: Ulusal hayvancılık politikaları, yerel ihtiyaçların yanı sıra uluslararası örgütlerden, ticari antlaşmalardan ve lider ülkelerin eğilimlerinden etkilenmektedir. Türkiye ekonomik ve jeopolitik nedenlerle AB-Ortak Tarım Politikaları ile etkileşim yaşamakta ve bu durum bazı fırsat ve riskleri beraberinde taşımaktadır. Türkiye, tarım-hayvancılık dış ticaretinde uzun yıllardır açık vermesine rağmen, hayvansal ürünler ikili ticaretinde AB ile denge halindedir. Türkiye için bazı olumlu göstergeler; yakın ihraç pazarlarında rekabet halinde olduğu AB'ye göre inanç ve kültür avantajlarına sahip olması, genç nüfusu, hayvancılık desteklerindeki artışlar ile çiftlik ölçeği ve otomasyondaki kısmi ilerlemelerdir. Bununla beraber, yapısal sorunların başında gelen örgütlenme, pazarlama, ıslah, ticarete engel hayvan hastalıkları ve son yıllarda kısır döngüye giren kırmızı et açığı Türkiye'yi maliyet ve kalite avantajına sahip ülkelerin kalıcı pazarı haline getirebilir. AB-Türkiye etkileşiminde ortaya çıkması muhtemel diğer olumsuzluklar; AB'de 2015 yılında süte uygulanan kotaların kalkması, Türkiye'de sokak sütündeki kayıt dışılık ve halen müzakere edilen AB-ABD Transatlantik Ticaret ve Yatırım Ortaklığı kaynaklı gümrüksüz ABD mallarının Türkiye'ye girebilme riskidir. Türkiye; üretici, sanayici, kamu ve tüketicilerin bütünleşik bir fayda sağlaması, ekonomi politikalardan sonuç alınması ve AB ile gelecekte daha iyi bir etkileşimin yaşanması için "yapısal ve sosyal politikalara" öncelik vermelidir. Bu çalışmada, AB-Türkiye hayvancılık politikalarının tarihsel değişimi ve etkileşiminin Türkiye hayvancılık sektörü üzerindeki olası sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Biosecurity (BS) is a multidimensional preventive medicine approach that has health, technical, and financial aspects. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences of the BS scores belonging to the livestock enterprises depending on the geographical region and breeding types and to predict the socioeconomic factors having an impact over the BS level. The study was conducted with 517 breeders who live in 7 different regions of Turkey. The results have revealed that the enterprises performing "beef cattle fattening and dairy cattle breeding together" have higher BS scores than the enterprises in the other breeding category (P < 0.01). The differences between the technical and financial scores according to geographical regions were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The regions categorized as "west" have the highest score and "south" have the lowest score. It was determined that as the "educational level of the breeder" and "enterprise scale" increased, the BS score significantly went up. The regression model was found significant as a whole (P < 0.01) and the independent variables explained the variation in the technical and financial BS scores to be 14.6% and 12.7%, respectively. Dissemination of education/training practices and increasing enterprise scales will positively affect the level of BS in the sector.
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